A four-layer business model for integration of electric vehicle charging stations and hydrogen fuelling stations into modern power systems

For transportation electrification, fossil fuel-based vehicles are replaced by electric vehicles (EVs) or fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). To charge EVs and FCVs, electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) and hydrogen fuelling stations (HFSs) are respectively needed. The review of the literature indicates that the operational planning of EVCSs integrated in distribution systems has not received enough attention; on the other hand, it is crucial to push EVCSs, HFSs and distribution systems towards 100 % renewable systems; so, in this research, the aim is to build a framework for the integration of emission-free EVCSs and HFSs in emission-free distribution systems considering their impact on transmission system operator. The Case study is the IEEE 57-bus transmission system connected to three 33-bus distribution systems, integrated with EVCSs and HFSs. Mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) models are used for EVs, FCVs, HFSs, EVCSs and transmission system, while Mixed-integer quadratic programming (MIQCP) model is used for distribution system. According to the results, the expected profits of distribution systems 1–3 are respectively $3509.41, $3550.27 and $3685.13. The expected cost of transmission system is as high as $1,818,020. The results show that due to PV modules and storage systems, the operation of all EVCSs and HFSs is profitable. The results show that the operation of all DSs is profitable; indeed, due to the existence of PV and wind generators which have no operation cost, the revenue of DSs is higher than their cost. The results also show that batteries increase the expected profit of EVCSs by 475 %. •A model for integration of EV charging stations (EVCS) and hydrogen stations in DS.•100 % renewable DSs as well as 100 % renewable EVCSs are used.•A comprehensive model is employed for transmission system.•The effect of storage systems on economics of EVCSs has been evaluated.