Exotic Mazur manifolds and knot trace invariants

From a handle-theoretic perspective, the simplest contractible 4-manifolds, other than the 4-ball, are Mazur manifolds. We produce the first pairs of Mazur manifolds that are homeomorphic but not diffeomorphic. Our diffeomorphism obstruction comes from our proof that the knot Floer homology concordance invariant ν is an invariant of the trace of a knot K⊂S3, i.e. the smooth 4-manifold obtained by attaching a 2-handle to B4 along K. This provides a computable, integer-valued diffeomorphism invariant that is effective at distinguishing exotic smooth structures on knot traces and other simple 4-manifolds, including when other adjunction-type obstructions are ineffective. We also show that the concordance invariants τ and ϵ are not knot trace invariants. As a corollary to the existence of exotic Mazur manifolds, we produce integer homology 3-spheres admitting two distinct S1×S2 surgeries, resolving a question from Problem 1.16 in Kirby's list [28].