Effects of partial organic fertilizer replacement combined with rainwater collection system on soil water, nitrate-nitrogen and apple yield of rainfed apple orchard in the Loess Plateau of China: A 3-year field experiment

Soil drought, uneven distribution of precipitation, low precipitation use efficiency and excessive chemical fertilizer input are critical factors limiting sustainable agriculture of rainfed apple orchards in the Loess Plateau, China. For alleviating the effects of these factors and improving yield of rainfed apple orchards in this region, we proposed partial organic fertilizer replacement (substitution rate: 60% total nitrogen from organic fertilizer and 40% total nitrogen from chemical fertilizer) combined with rainwater collection (ORRC) system and conducted an in-situ field experiment for three years (2016–2018) with significant interannual precipitation variation to investigate the effects of ORRC system on soil water content (SWC), soil water storage (SWS), soil desiccation index (SDI), soil water storage deficit degree (SWSDD), nitrate-nitrogen, apple yield, crop water productivity (CWP) and precipitation use efficiency (PUE) in different rainfall years. Three management methods: (1) partial replacement of chemical fertilizer by organic fertilizer combined with rainwater collection measure (ORRC), (2) rainwater collection measure only (RC), and (3) conventional measure without any rainwater collection measure (CK). The results indicated that compared with CK treatment, ORRC treatment significantly (P