A volume penalization immersed boundary method for flow interactions with aquatic vegetation

A volume-penalization immersed boundary (VPIB) method was developed to study flow interactions with aquatic vegetation. The model has been validated with data from laboratory experiments and previous high-fidelity models with satisfactory results. Sensitivity analyzes on both penalty parameter and thickness parameter were conducted, and optimal values for these parameters are recommended. The validated model has been applied to study the effects of swaying motion of vegetation stems on the flow dynamics at both vegetate-stem scale and patch scale. The swaying motion of the vegetation stem is prescribed following a cubic law that peaks at the top and decreases to zero at the bottom. At stem-scale, the hydrodynamics depend on the Keulegan Carpenter number (KC), which is defined as the maximum excursion of the vegetation stem to the diameter of the stem. Simulations with three KC values were carried out. For KC≥1, the flow turbulence is significantly enhanced by the swaying motion of the stem, and turbulence becomes more isotropic in the wake. The swaying motion of vegetation stems caused a 5% increase of the bottom shear stress at the shoulders of the stem, and the effect is negligible in the wake. At patch-scale, the hydrodynamics depend on the effective Keulegan Carpenter number based on the patch size of the vegetation patch, and the solid volume fraction for dense vegetation canopy. Solid volume fraction was varied while maintaining the same effective Keulegan Carpenter in the simulations. When the effective Keulgen Carpenter number is small (KC