The advancements of 3D-printed electrodes in electrochemistry

3D-printed electrodes (3DPEs) have ushered in a new era of possibilities in electrochemical applications resulting in groundbreaking research in electrochemistry. This review explores the exceptional potential of 3DPEs in transforming the fields of electrochemical sensing, electro-catalysis, and energy storage. As sensors, these electrodes offer great flexibility and customization, allowing for the manufacturing of highly sensitive and selective sensors. 3D printing technology has enabled precise control of the electrode's geometry and surface properties resulting in enhanced signal transduction and improved analytical performance. The 3DPEs have also evolved as promising electro-catalysts, particularly for hydrogen evolution reaction and CO 2 reduction in aqueous solutions. The control over reaction kinetics and product formation can be achieved through the fabrication of intricate catalytic designs employing 3D printing. When used in batteries and supercapacitors, these electrodes manifest distinctive properties, such as high surface area and porous structures, making them ideal candidates for energy storage applications. They provide higher energy densities, faster-charging rates, and longer cycle life. Thus, the unique features, customizable designs, and enhanced performance of 3DPEs have driven advancements in sensing, catalysis, and energy storage, creating exciting opportunities for their application in the field of electrochemistry.