Literature review and health risks assessment of heavy metal contamination in human milk

The consumption of human milk is crucial for the optimal growth and development of infants. However, concerns have been raised regarding the presence of heavy metals in breast milk and the potential health risks associated with their ingestion by children. This systematic review aims to assess the health risks posed to children due to the consumption of heavy metal-contaminated human milk. The review focuses on key parameters of health risk assessment, including estimated daily intake, hazard quotient (HQ) and cancer risk (CR). Through a comprehensive search and selection process, relevant studies examining heavy metal concentrations in human milk, as well as their potential health effects in children, were identified and analysed. The estimated daily intake of heavy metals was calculated by considering factors such as milk concentration, consumption volume and child's body weight. HQ values were determined by comparing the estimated daily intake with established reference doses (RFD), indicating potential risks exceeding safe levels. The CR assessments were conducted by multiplying the lifetime average daily intake with cancer slope factors (CSF) specific to each heavy metal. The findings of this systematic review provide insights into the potential health risks associated with heavy metal exposure through human milk consumption in children. The assessment of estimated daily intake, HQ and CR aids in identifying populations at higher risk, guiding interventions and informing regulatory measures to safeguard child health. Continued monitoring and evaluation of these health risks are essential to ensure the well-being and safety of infants. Further research is warranted to enhance our understanding of the toxicological effects of heavy metals and to develop effective strategies for mitigating the potential health risks associated with their presence in human milk. Graphical Abstract