Immunomodulating and Anti-parasitary Mechanisms of Plant Products in the Treatment of Schistosomiasis

In this review, original research articles on plant extracts, essential oils, and their bioactive compounds with therapeutic activity against Schistosoma mansoni were gathered to understand their mechanisms of modulation of the immune response in the vertebrate host and antiparasitic effects. Only 31 articles were included because they addressed research involving the use of plant products in the treatment of schistosomiasis mansoni. The treatment with plant products acts directly on the parasite, reducing mating rates, survival, and motility, and causing damage to the integument, which reduces the number of eggs and granulomas in the vertebrate host. By modulating the immune response during the infection, treatment with plant products promotes the reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, particularly those with a T helper 1 (Th1) immune profile, as well as activating important cells (neutrophils, macrophages, T lymphocytes, and B cells) to guarantee the survival of the host during infection by S. mansoni and modulating the expression of molecules and enzymes that decrease the pathogenesis of the disease. Thus, plant products can be promising alternatives capable of generating positive effects on the immunopathogenesis of schistosomiasis. Graphical abstract