Investigating the optimal combination for gravel and granite in blended palm oil fuel ash concrete

Global production of palm oil in 2022 was estimated at 73 million metric tonnes. The processing of palm oil generates a huge quantity of waste which is often left unprocessed leading to environmental pollution. Gravels are obtained from weathered rocks and are readily available and cheaper than granite as coarse aggregate in concrete. An innovative way of transforming waste into wealth is by incorporating these materials into concrete for construction purposes. Thus, this study was done to obtain an ideal combination of gravel and granite in palm oil fuel ash (POFA)-blended concrete. A water/cement (w/c) ratio of 0.5 in a nominal concrete mix ratio of 1:2:4 was adopted to achieve a strength of 20 N/mm 2 . The central composite method of optimization was utilized in designing the experiments. The best combination was determined to be 67% gravel, 33% granite and 32% POFA. This combination produced concrete with compressive strength of 23.80 N/mm 2 which is 19% higher than the 20 N/mm 2 target strength.