Impact of Bio-geo-ecological Determinants on the Current and Future Mosquito Fauna in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Challenges and Emerging Innovative Bio-computational Opportunities

Purpose of Review The emergence and resurgence of mosquito-borne diseases are poised to complicate ongoing mosquito control efforts worldwide. The world’s most potent mosquito vectors are widely distributed and pose potential public health threats across Saudi Arabia. Understanding key entomological indices like mosquitos’ geospatial distribution, diversity, and species composition is critical in predicting mosquito-borne outbreak risks and designing intervention measures. A systematic review was conducted to update the current mosquito fauna status in Saudi Arabia by adopting PRISMA guidelines. Data were screened and retrieved, and analyzed mosquito species were recorded in accordance with the international code for taxonomical nomenclature. Recent Findings Currently, the Saudi Arabian mosquito fauna comprises 73 species ( Anopheles 26; Culex 26; Aedes 11; and other sub-genera 10). Culicinae was more predominant [47 (66.2%)] than the Anophelinae [24 (33.8%)]. Seven genera have been identified from the period of 1944 to 2021. Perhaps, spatiotemporal mosquito breeding patterns, distribution, density, species composition, vectorial competence, and capacity were driven by numerous bio-geo-climatological factors. Summary Presently, modern novel computational innovative applications are widely employed in public health domains. Evidence-based and data-driven entomological tools are crucial. Overreliance on synthetic chemicals has led to the emergence of resistance against existing chemical arsenals. Thereby, (1) periodical surveillance and monitoring, (2) participatory disease surveillance, (3) employing innovative smartphone-based geospatial apps, (4) intersectoral collaborations, (5) updated resistance status, and (6) containing the negative impact of bio-geo-ecological determinants on mosquito fauna are warranted to combat mosquito-borne diseases in the future.