Ameliorating and pharmacological intervention potential of grape seed extract against lead- and cadmium-induced toxicity

Heavy metals like cadmium and lead being very toxic have no precise, secure and efficient therapeutic administration of their toxicity. It is revealed in the scientific literature that several medicinal plants and natural products lower experimentally induced metal toxicity in animals. The present review attempts to assemble experimental data on the ameliorative effects of grape seed extract (GSE) and their derivatives against lead- and cadmium-induced toxicity. Several mechanisms are involved in GSE ameliorating the effect against cadmium and lead toxicity like antioxidant effect, reduction of apoptotic cells, prevention of DNA fragmentation, regulating the expression of pro-apoptotic protein level (Bax-α), increase in antiapoptotic protein (Bcl-2), and hindering apoptotic signaling.