Gene technology in agriculture, environment and biopharming: beyond Bt-rice and building better breeding budgets for crops

Applications of gene technology in agriculture, the environment and human health fields are reviewed. This case study of the intricate historical details of the development of Bt crops like cotton and rice unveils essential elements of productive funding schemes and effective multinational collaborations. Gene technology applied to pest resistance traits in global cotton is analyzed using nation-specific data from India to demonstrate ‘ricochet’ results: Regulatory approval for one crop catalyzes an ‘Enhancer Effect’ for promoting more research funding and more competitive results for other crops-in-waiting, namely rice. Just as cotton commerce promoted philanthropy in unpredictable situations like the Kreenholm dynasty of Ludwig Knoop, research budgets for pesticide and biocide technology have yielded intended effects, but several surprising unintended effects as well. Finally, the case is made for greater control of gene flow and identity preserve issues in plant biotechnology research by invoking Appellation d’Origine Contrôlée for Bt genes.