Quick photoresponsive and high quantum yield of Ag/Pd/Ni trimetallic nanocatalyst using Cassia auriculata for removal of fabric dye

The Cassia auriculata strengthened trimetallic (Ag/Pd/Ni) and monometallic (Ag, Pd, and Ni) nanoparticles and were prepared using the green method. Techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SE-M), X-ray diffraction (X-RD), transmission electron microscopy (TE-M), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BE-T), and Fourier transform infrared (FTI-R) were used to carry-out an exhaustive analysis and characterization of the material. The X-RD analysis of synthesized nanoparticles reveals that their crystal planes are similar. FTI-R spectroscopy employing a variety of vibrational bands confirmed the existence of trimetallic. According to UV–Vis spectroscopy, the bandgap of the Ag/Pd/Ni nanocomposite was 3.4 eV, making it a useful photocatalyst. From the SE-M examination, polydisperse Ag/Pd/Ni NPs have the shape of spherical. Ag/Pd/Ni NPs have a BE-T surface area of 10.611 m 2 /g, which is very high for a nanoscale material. TE-M studies reveal that the (111) and (200) faces of Ag/Pd/Ni spheres are the most prominent. In brief, using 10 mg of the developed photocatalyst and exposing it to UV light for 25 min, the photocatalytic degradation efficiency achieved 98% with 10 mg/L of safranin O dye (5 mL). The degradation rate constant (kMB) for SO dye was 0.00859 min− 1 , and it has been postulated and addressed that UV light irradiation may increase photocatalytic activity. Reusability after 5 cycles, the rate of deterioration braked to 94.1%. In addition, a potential mechanism for photocatalytic degradation by the as-prepared photocatalyst was presented. In light of the findings, this innovative nanomaterial is used to expand and engage in extensive exploitation to clean up the environment.