Effect of immobilization, mutation, and microbial stresses on increasing production efficiency of “Cyclosporin A”

Cyclosporin A (CyA) is a secondary metabolite mainly produced by Tolypocladium inflatum . CyA is a non-polar cyclic polypeptide that is widely used in medicine. Its importance is due to its immunosuppressive role making it useful for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, although to some extent, it showed anti-fungal and anti-parasitic properties. In this review, we discuss the biosynthetic pathway, fermentative production (increasing production efficiency by cells, appropriate, and new fermentation process), downstream processing (efficient extraction and purification), and pharmacological activities of CyA.