Research on arbuscular mycorrhizae in Mexico: an historical synthesis and future prospects

This review analyzes the historical development and advances of the research on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in Mexico, as well as the prospects for future research. AMF-research has been focused on studying both diversity and functionality in several ecosystems of Mexico, but mainly in the tropical dry and rainy ecosystems, and the agricultural systems. In Mexico, 95 species of AMF have been recorded, representing 41% of the known species worldwide. The functional effects of AMF colonization have been examined in approximately 10% of the known host plants, but greenhouse studies continue to dominate over those conducted under field conditions. Even though research to date has been at the organismic level, further effort is needed due to the high plant diversity in Mexico. Studies on AMF biomass under field conditions and more taxonomic determination are required based on morphological features, biochemical determinations (fatty acids) and molecular tools. In addition, ecophysiological and ecological in situ studies would help in understanding the relationships among AMF, soil fauna, nutrients, and host plants. The contribution of AMF to ecosystemic processes is a priority line of research that requires an integrated approach (inter- and multidisciplinary) in order to define the role of AM symbioses for biogeochemical models. The creation of a Mexican mycorrhizal research network has and will help to identify the main challenges. Generating similar research protocols, and sharing databases and experience will assist mycorrhizologists working under the diverse financial and ecological contexts that is to be found in Mexico and Latin America.