Impact of electromagnetic field on three-phase flow of dissipative and radiative Casson hybrid nanofluid with internal heat generation/absorption

The current study effectively describes the immiscible three-phase flow of Casson hybrid nanofluid between parallel plates. The important effects of electromagnetism, permeable medium and internal heat generation/absorption have been incorporated into the Casson hybrid nanofluid model. The porous medium and nanofluid region are governed by Darcy’s model and the Tiwari–Das model, respectively. This research has a specific scope with potential applications in many scientific and technical domains, including microfluidic devices, improved oil recovery procedures, electronic cooling systems and medicinal devices. Notably, a study in this field would need a profound comprehension of fluid mechanics, heat transport, electromagnetic and mathematical modelling. The governing equations are formulated according to our assumption and solved via regular perturbation technique. Analytical research is done for various flow and derived parameters. The degree of temperature and velocity enhancement is compared for sphere and laminar-shaped zirconium oxide nanoparticles immersed in ethanol. The results indicated that the Casson parameter, electromagnetic field, heat absorption and thermal radiation substantially influence heat transfer. The velocity of the fluid can be reduced with porosity, electric and magnetic fields.