Fulminating Hemorrhagic Cystitis: New Trends from Etiology to Treatment

Hemorrhagic cystitis is an inflammatory condition caused by infectious and non-infectious (radiation, drugs) factors. Hematuria is the most important sign. Clinical course ranges from asymptomatic microscopic hematuria to massive bleeding. Fulminating hemorrhagic cystitis is a life-threatening condition. There is a wide variety of treatments like saline irrigation, intravesical instillation of a great class of drugs, systemic drugs, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and even surgery (angioembolization, urinary diversion, and cystectomy). The main purpose of this article is to review etiology and treatment options available for HC, focusing latest updates and tendencies.