Anatomy and plant affinity of Chuaria

Chuaria is one of the few globally distributed macrofossil pioneers documented in the Precambrian. It is perhaps the most controversial fossil in term of its affinity despite more than one hundred years of study. Many mutually exclusive affinities have been suggested for this frequently encountered fossil. Although often treated as a multiceUular alga, this interpretation remains incon- clusive because the lacking unambiguous demonstration of cellular structures. In this paper the cellular details of Chuaria are clearly revealed for the first time. The cell walls in Chuaria suggest that it is a multicellular eukaryotic alga, in agreement with the latest biogeochemical analyses. Different thicknesses of cell walls suggest primary cellular differentiation in this organism. Mem- brane-like structures within the cells （the first to be reported in Precambrian fossils） imply a eukaryotic nature. This study partially resolves the century-long controversy over the affinity of Chuaria, and makes Chuaria one of the few recognized multieellular eukaryotes before the Neoproterozoic glaciation.