Recent advancements in cadmium-microbe interactive relations and their application for environmental remediation: a mechanistic overview

The toxic and persistent nature of cadmium (Cd) in the environment has become a matter of concern with its drastic increase in the concentrations over past few decades. Among the various techniques, the microbial remediation has been accepted as an effective decontamination tool for environmental applications, which is sustainable over a period of time. The Cd decontamination potential of the microbes depends on various internal and external factors that play a crucial role in selection of the microbes for application in a particular environment. Thus, it is important to understand the role of these factors for optimal application of the microbes. This study provides an insight into the mechanisms involved between the microbes and the environmental Cd. The study also briefly reviews the mathematical models that have been used to predict the remediation potential of the microbes and the kinetics involved during the process. A critical analysis of the recent advancements in the techniques for use of bacteria, fungi, and algal cells to remove Cd has been also presented in the manuscript. Graphical abstract