Studying the optical and non-linear optical characteristics of lead ions in structured cadmium sodium diborate glass

The melt-annealing method was used to make invert glasses of cadmium sodium diborate. Cadmium oxide (CdO) makes up 40% of the glass components. Lead oxide (PbO) has been added to the glass network at the expense of CdO. The structural units of the glass exhibited the BO 3 , BO 4 , and B–O–B bridges. The Pb and Cd atoms modify the B–O–B linkage by replacing one of the boron atoms. The N 4 ratio of the glass decreased from 0.712 to 0.393 when the PbO content increased from 0 to 40 mol%. The absorption edges of the glasses were shifted to higher photon wavelengths, from 366 nm to 404 nm, as the PbO ratio increased. The optical band gap, dispersion parameters, and Urbach energy were determined and discussed. The non-linear optical properties were deduced from the static refractive index, which rose from 54.188 × 10 − 12 to 121.314 × 10 − 12 esu, as the PbO content increased. Other physical parameters such as density, molar volume, ion concentrations and separation, molar refraction, and polarizability were explained to conclude the behavior and nature of the prepared glass by the term of metallization criterion ( M ).