Effects of microhydration on the characteristics of cation–phenol complexes

The properties of complexes formed by phenol and K + , Na + , Li + and Mg 2+ in the presence of up to four water molecules have been studied by means of computational methods. The interaction becomes stronger as the size of the cation decreases, showing almost no preference between coordinating to the aromatic ring or to the hydroxyl oxygen. As water molecules are introduced, a variety of stable structures arise, where water molecules establish hydrogen bonds among themselves and with the hydroxyl group of phenol. For the most polarizing cations, the strong cation···water interaction gives most stable minima corresponding to arrangements with water molecules and phenol coordinated directly to the cation, with no significant hydrogen bonds among them. However, in Na + complexes and especially in K + ones, the interaction with the cation is weaker, so hydrogen bond formation starts to be competitive as more water molecules are included, the most stable minima corresponding to structures where not all water molecules or phenol are directly bound to the cation. This behavior is also reflected on the predicted vibrational spectra, which agree with those determined experimentally. Up to three water molecules, only for K + and to a less extent Na + , stable minima are found showing red-shifted O–H stretching bands corresponding to water···water and water···phenol hydrogen bonds. With four water molecules, at least one water molecule is located in a second solvation shell, all cations exhibiting red-shifted bands.