Potassium forms in aerated and anoxic soils of different management and potassium fertilizer history

The potassium forms and dominant clay mineralogy were studied in naturally well-drained (Hapludalfs, Eutropept) and poorly-drained soils (Fragiudalfs, Fragiaquept), both composed of the same parent materials (silty-clay or silt loam or clayey-loam). The well-drained soils (i.e. aerated) were cultivated and received larger amounts of K fertilizer; the poorly-drained types (i.e. anoxic) were grasslands and received low amount of K fertilizer. The different aspects investigated – exchangeable and nonexchangeable K, potassium fixation capacity and clay X-ray diffraction diagrams – indicated that the potassium status and the behavior of K-containing clays significantly differed between naturally well-drained aerated soils and anoxic poorly-drained soils. The aerated soils were high in both exchangeable and nonexchangeable K; the K saturation rate was high whereas fixation capacity was moderate. However, the anoxic soils showed a large K depletion and high fixation capacity. The silty-clayey soils studied were more affected by moisture regimes than the silt loam or clayey-loam. The differing K status between aerated and anoxic soils can be explained by several processes and factors, including soil weathering and management and K fertilizer history.