Non-equilibrium Condensation ina Primordial Solar Nebula: Formation of Refractory Metal Nuggets

We present a theoretical investigation of non-equilibrium condensation of refractory metalsinthe primordial solar nebula, in relation to the origin of “Fremdlinges” included inCAIs. Todescribe the nucleation process of grains from vapor, weadopted asemi-phenomenological modelmodified fromthe classical nucleation theoryby the introductionof the second virial coefficient of vapor. This modelachieves excellent agreement with nucleation rate experiment. However,the second virial coefficients are unknown for a vapor of refractory metals. To overcome this, weexpress the nucleation rate by theuse of the chemical potential of dimersinsteadof the second virial coefficient. On the basis of this new nucleation theory,we have performed numerical simulations ofnon-equilibrium condensation of refractory metals andfind thattheircondensation temperatures, T c, decrease considerably in comparison withequilibrium condensation. Even if the characteristiccooling time scale is aslarge as 1×10 5 years, the decrease in T c isfrom 200 to 400 Kfor rare elements such as W, Re,and Os. This remarkablenon-equilibrium behaviormainly stemsfromthelow totalpressure in the primordial solar nebula. From our new modelwealso obtainthe typical size ofgrainsformed in condensation. We findthatthe cooling time should be ≳1×10 5 years for sub-micron-sized or largerrefractory metal nuggetsto form.