Physicochemical and microbiological assessment of multi‐village drinking water source in diarrheal hotspot areas of north Shoa zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia

Quality water is essential to people's health and social and economic well‐being. Evaluation of the quality of the water sources provides benchmark data on quality status and insights into the development of further protective measures. A laboratory‐based cross‐sectional study design was conducted in the diarrheal hotspot area of the North Shewa zone. The contamination risks of water sources were assessed using the World Health Organization (WHO) sanitary inspection checklist. A grab water sample was collected from 138 multi‐village drinking water sources according to WHO guidelines. The collected sample was processed for physicochemical and microbiological analysis. Data were recorded and analyzed using SPSS version 25 software. The inspection survey indicated there was no proper handling of the water sources. The water temperature range was between 7 and 32°C, while the turbidity values ranged from 1.8 to 6 NTU. Electrical conductivity, pH, and total dissolved solutes were 100% within the acceptable limits of WHO and the Ethiopian Ministry of Health (EMoH) water quality guidelines. However, only (77/138, 55.79%) and (101/138, 73.29%) drinking water sources were within the acceptable range of temperature and turbidity, respectively. The mean bacteriological counts in multi‐village drinking water sources were a mean value of 72.14, 29.78, 21.09, and 15.64 for TMC, TCC, FC, and FSC, respectively. A total of (19/138, 13.8%) drinking water samples were positive for total coliform (Tc) and/or fecal coliforms (Fc). The remaining (119/138, 86.2%) water samples were bacteriologically potable. The physicochemical quality of the drinking water sources was consistent with WHO and national water quality standards, except that turbidity exceeded the acceptable range. The results also showed that some water sources were contaminated with fecal and total coliform, which was supported by an inspection survey in which most water sources were poorly protected. These research findings can serve as a valuable evidence base for informing policy decisions and guiding practical interventions aimed at ensuring access to safe drinking water in diarrheal hotspot areas. 摘要 优质水对于人们的健康以及社会和经济福祉至关重要。水源质量评估提供了质量状况的基准数据, 并为“制定进一步的保护措施”提供了见解。在北绍阿地区的腹泻热点地区进行了一项基于实验室的横断面研究设计。使用世卫组织卫生检查清单评估水源的污染风险。根据世卫组织指南, 从138个多村庄饮用水源中采集了水样。对水样进行了理化分析和微生物分析。使用SPSS 25版软件对数据进行了记录和分析。检查调查显示, 水源没有得到妥善处理。水温范围为7°C至32°C, 浊度值范围为1.8至6NTU。电导率、PH值和总溶解溶质完全处于世卫组织和埃塞俄比亚卫生部 (EMoH)水质指南的可接受限度内。然而, 只有77个水源(55.79%)的温度位于可接受范