Monitoring soil elements for irrigation management using Internet of Things (IoT) sensors

Smart farming focuses on three crucial areas: soil quality, weather conditions, and crop health. Because of the significant impact of weather and irrigation factors, many smart farming solutions are tightly integrated with smart environment and smart water (pollution, turbidity, nutrients) systems for a holistic approach. The Internet of Things (IoT) is revolutionizing soil monitoring, giving farmers and growers the means to optimize yields, minimize disease risks, and rationalize resource use. Thanks to IoT sensors, it is possible to measure various parameters such as soil temperature, NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) levels, and soil moisture. The information collected by these IoT sensors is then transmitted to a central point or stored in the cloud server for in‐depth analysis, visual representation, and trend identification. The application of the IoT in agriculture is widely referred to as smart farming. The IoT is an essential pillar of precision agriculture, enabling more targeted and efficient management of resources. Smart sensor systems provide more information about water and crop water requirements. This information can be used to mechanically manage the water supply system and help farmers optimize their irrigation system. The information acquired by the first sensors is transferred to the cloud server. This article proposes and evaluates the concept of remote sensing systems. Three sites were selected to test the IoT system. At each site, five sensors were employed, specifically designed for soil and irrigation water analysis. The sensors dedicated to soil pH, moisture, and NPK demonstrated commendable accuracy; equally, the irrigation water pH and turbidity sensors exhibited notably precise measurements. The results were noteworthy, with an R2 value surpassing 90% across all sensor measurements. These IoT sensors could facilitate effective crop monitoring without excessive expenditures and serve to safeguard groundwater from nutrient contamination. 摘要 智能农业聚焦于三个关键领域:土壤质量、天气条件与作物健康。由于天气和灌溉因素的重大影响, 许多智能农业解决方案正与“智能环境和智能水”(污染、浊度、营养物质)系统进行紧密整合, 以作为一种整体方法。物联网(IoT)正在彻底改变土壤监测, 为农民和种植者提供优化产量、最大限度降低疾病风险和合理利用资源的手段。借助物联网传感器, 能测量土壤温度、NPK(氮、磷、钾)水平以及土壤湿度等不同参数。这些物联网传感器收集的信息随后被传输到中心点或存储在云服务器中, 以进行深度分析、可视化和趋势识别。物联网在农业中的应用被广泛称为智慧农业。物联网是精准农业的重要支柱, 让更有针对性、更高效的资源管理一事成为可能。智能传感器系统对水和农作物需水量提供了更多信息。该信息可用于机械管理供水系统并帮助农民优化其灌溉系统。第一传感器获取的信息被传输到云端服务器。本文提出并评价了遥感系统的概念。选择了三个地点来测试物联网系统。每个地点都采用了五个专门用于土壤和灌溉水分析的传感器。专用于土壤pH值、湿度和氮磷钾(NPK)的传感器表现出值得称赞的准确性, 同样, 专用于灌溉水pH值和浊度的传感器也表现