Automated segmentation of the healed anterior cruciate ligament from T 2 relaxometry MRI scans

Collagen organization of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) can be evaluated using T * relaxometry. However, T * mapping requires manual image segmentation, which is a time-consuming process and prone to inter- and intra- segmenter variability. Automating segmentation would address these challenges. A model previously trained using Constructive Interference in Steady State (CISS) scans was applied to T * segmentation via transfer learning. It was hypothesized that there would be no significant differences in the model's segmentation performance between T * and CISS, structural measures versus ground truth manual segmentation, and reliability versus independent and retest manual segmentation. Transfer learning was conducted using 54 T * scans of the ACL. Segmentation performance was assessed with Dice coefficient, precision, and sensitivity, and structurally with T * value, volume, subvolume proportions, and cross-sectional area. Model performance relative to independent manual segmentation and repeated segmentation by the ground truth segmenter (retest) were evaluated on a random subset. Segmentation performance was analyzed with Mann-Whitney U tests, structural measures with Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, and performance relative to manual segmentation with repeated-measures analysis of variance/Tukey tests (α = 0.05). T * segmentation performance was not significantly different from CISS on all measures (p > 0.35). No significant differences were detected in structural measures (p > 0.50). Automatic segmentation performed as well as the retest on all segmentation measures, whereas independent segmentations were lower than retest and/or automatic segmentation (p