Propensity of ectopic liver to hepatocarcinogenesis: Case reports and a review of the literature

Two patients with ectopic liver are described. In one patient, a small ectopic liver attached to the gastric serosa developed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The preoperative diagnosis was an α‐fetoprotein (AFP)‐producing carcinoma and a malignant ulcer of the stomach. Total gastrectomy and esophago‐jejunostomy were performed. The tumor that measured 4 × 2 × 2 cm contained an AFP‐producing HCC and normal liver tissue. In another patient who had alcoholic cirrhosis, ectopic liver on the serosa of the gallbladder was found to have the same histological changes as the mother liver. A survey of the literature disclosed more than 20 cases in which HCC developed outside the liver; the liver did not have HCC. By contrast, there was only one report on HCC occurring in the liver in the presence of a noncancerous, relatively large accessory liver lobe. Because ectopic liver does not have a complete vascular and ductal system as a normal liver, it is perhaps functionally handicapped and more prone to hepatocarcinogenesis.