TiO 2 nanoparticles: Green synthesis and their role in lessening the damage of Colletotrichum graminicola in sorghum

Fungal pathogens pose a persistent threat to crop plants, risking global food security. Anthracnose of sorghum caused by causes a considerable loss in sorghum production. This study aimed to manage the anthracnose disease in sorghum using green-synthesized TiO nanoparticles using pomegranate peel and to assess their impacts on the agroeconomic attributes of sorghum. Synthesized TiO nanoparticles showed strong dose-dependent antifungal activity against and significantly reduced mycelial radial growth, comparable to commercial fungicides. Foliar application of TiO at concentrations of 150 and 200 ppm reduced the disease index >60% in pot trials. Additionally, the effect of TiO NPs on the growth and yield of sorghum plants and the possible mechanism(s) behind the suppression of anthracnose disease were deciphered. TiO NPs also improved shoot and root length, biomass accumulation, penile size, number of grains, and grain weight in sorghum plants infected with . Application of TiO NPs significantly increased the content of defense-related biochemicals, including total phenolic contents, activities of defense-related enzymes (PO, PPO, and PAL), photosynthetic pigments (total chlorophyll contents and carotenoids), and total protein contents. Collectively, our study verified the potential of green-synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles to suppress anthracnose disease by activating a defense system and stimulating growth and yield promotion under pathogen stress.