DNAX accessory molecule-1 (CD226) promotes human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lysis by Vγ9Vδ2 T cells

Human Vγ9Vδ2 T lymphocytes can be activated by nonpeptidic antigens such as the mevalonate pathway-derived isopentenyl pyrophosphate or synthetic phosphoantigen such as bromohydrin pyrophosphate. They display a strong cytotoxic activity against several tumor types, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Little is known about the mechanisms underlying Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell recognition of tumor cells, but there is strong evidence that activating NK receptors play a role in γδ T-cell cytotoxicity. In this study, we showed that the two NK receptors DNAX accessory molecule-1 (DNAM-1) and CD96 were expressed by Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. The ligands Nectin-like-5 specific of both DNAM-1 and CD96, and also Nectin-2, an additional ligand of DNAM-1, were present on all HCC cell lines analyzed. Furthermore, we demonstrated by mAb-mediated masking experiments that cytotoxicity against HCC cells as well as IFN-γ production in γδ T cells were dependent on DNAM-1. Our experiments indicated that Nectin-like-5 but not Nectin-2 was involved in DNAM-1-dependent γδ T-cell functions. We did not reveal a role for CD96 in the killing of HCC cells. Finally, we showed by combined mAb-mediated blockade that DNAM-1 and NKG2D could cooperate in the cell lysis of HCC.