Enhancing diaphragmatic defect repair and regeneration: How biomaterials leading the way to progress?

Physicians encounter significant challenges in dealing with large diaphragmatic defects in both pediatric and adult populations. Diaphragmatic hernias, such as Morgagni, Bochdalek, and Hiatus hernias, can result in congenital lesions that are often undiagnosed until the appearance of symptoms (bleeding, anemia, and acid reflux). Therefore, substantial potential exists for developing tissue‐engineered constructs as novel therapeutic options in clinics. Recent research indicates promising mid‐term performance for both natural and synthetic materials. However, studies exploring their application in diaphragm regeneration are limited and remain in the early research stages. Additionally, further investigation is required to address the constraints in human tissue supply for clinical implementation. This article comprehensively reviews the role of biomaterials in diaphragmatic tissue repair and regeneration. It emphasizes biomaterials, including biomimetic polymers used in technological solutions. This summary will enable researchers to critically assess the capability of existing natural biomaterials as essential tissue‐engineered patches for clinical use. Large‐diaphragm defects pose significant challenges in pediatric and adult populations. Diaphragmatic hernias, including Morgagni's hernia, Bochdalek's hernia, and Hiatus hernia, can lead to congenital lesions, often diagnosed late after the appearance of warning signs. Tissue‐engineered constructs hold promise as therapeutic options in the clinic. Recent research indicates favorable midterm performance of both natural and synthetic materials. However, studies have been limited to specific applications, and human tissue supply remains a concern. This article presents a comprehensive review of biomaterials for diaphragm tissue repair and regeneration. Highlighted are biomimetic polymers and biomaterials used in technological solutions. Researchers can critically assess the potential of existing natural biomaterials for essential tissue‐engineered patches in clinical settings.