Exploits, advances, and challenges benefiting beyond Li-ion battery technologies

The battery market is undergoing quick expansion owing to the urgent demand for mobile devices, electric vehicles and energy storage systems, convoying the current energy transition. Beyond Li-ion batteries are of high importance to follow these multiple-speed changes and adapt to the specificity of each application. This review-study will address some of the relevant post-Li ion issues and battery technologies, including Na-ion batteries, Mg batteries, Ca-ion batteries, Zn-ion batteries, Al-ion batteries and anionic (F- and Cl-) shuttle batteries. MH-based batteries are also presented with emphasize on NiMH batteries, and novel MH-accommodated Li-ion batteries. Finally, to facilitate further research and development some future research trends and directions are discussed based on comparison of the different battery systems with respect to Li-ion battery assumptions. Remarkably, aqueous systems are most likely to be given reconsideration for intensive, cost-effective and safer production of batteries; for instance to be utilized in (quasi)-stationary energy storage applications.