Ship hulls exposed to ice-induced loads and resistance

Marine activities in the Arctic have always been difficult. In recent year there have been a significant increase in activities in this region. This is a combined result of both global warming and a strong development in the design and the technology for ice-classified vessels. Arctic transportation routes, exploration of hydrocarbons and tourism are all exiting opportunities related this development. This master thesis contains a theoretical study sea ice. In addition to a introduction to ice covered areas, both different types of sea ice and their mechanical and physical properties are presented. In this master thesis, KV Svalbard will be used as a reference. This is a Norwegian coast guard vessel, specialized for operations in Arctic waters. To operate in ice-infested waters, the right classifications are necessary. In these areas the vessels are exposed to conditions they would not experience in other regions, and special classifications for navigation in ice are therefore developed. This thesis contains a review of the classifications presented in DNV GL s "Ship for navigation in ice". Here, both Baltic, Arctic and Polar classes are described. Since the Arctic region has been in focus for this thesis, a particular emphasis has been placed on the Arctic rules by DNV GL and the Polar rules by IACS. An introduction to finite element analysis is presented. Linear and non-linear analysis are described and compared. In the event of ship-ice interaction, large displacements and deformations may occur. Here, linear elastic theory may no longer be valid, and non-linear theory must be applied. To estimate the ice resistance for a vessel, analytical formulations may be used. In this master thesis, three models are presented and compared. All of the formulations are meant to give an early estimation of resistance for ice and power requirements. By using the main parameters from Norwegian coast guard vessel KV Svalbard, the three models are compared to each other. In addition, a parameter study for the models was conducted to see how each of the parameters involved influenced the final results. Using the measured power from KV Svalbard, the total resistance was calculated utilizing Newton s second law and conservation of energy. This resistance was then compared by calculating the ratios between estimated and empirical resistance. From the results one can see a big variation in the ratios. The most stable results were found for higher vessel speeds. To see how ice