Dynamic multi‐echo DCE‐ and DSC‐MRI in rectal cancer: Low primary tumor Ktrans and ΔR2 peak are significantly associated with lymph node metastasis

Purpose To implement a dynamic contrast‐based multi‐echo MRI sequence in assessment of rectal cancer and evaluate associations between histopathologic data and the acquired dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE) and dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) ‐MRI parameters. Materials and Methods This pilot study reports results from 17 patients with resectable rectal cancer. Dynamic contrast‐based multi‐echo MRI (1.5T) was acquired using a three‐dimensional multi‐shot EPI sequence, yielding both DCE‐ and DSC‐data following a single injection of contrast agent. The Institutional Review Board approved the study and all patients provided written informed consent. Quantitative analysis was performed by pharmacokinetic modeling on DCE data and tracer kinetic modeling on DSC data. Mann‐Whitney U‐test and receiver operating characteristics curve statistics was used to evaluate associations between histopathologic data and the acquired DCE‐ and DSC‐MRI parameters. Results For patients with histologically confirmed nodal metastasis, the primary tumor demonstrated a significantly lower Ktrans and peak change in R2*, R2*‐peakenh, than patients without nodal metastasis, showing a P‐value of 0.010 and 0.005 for reader 1, and 0.043 and 0.019 for reader 2, respectively. Conclusion This study shows the feasibility of acquiring DCE‐ and DSC‐MRI in rectal cancer by dynamic multi‐echo MRI. A significant association was found between both Ktrans and R2*‐peakenh in the primary tumor and histological nodal status of the surgical specimen, which may improve stratification of patients to intensified multimodal treatment. Level of Evidence: 4 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;46:194–206