Mobile Connectivity Beyond the Coast-Line: A Case Study for Next Generation Shipping

The maritime sector is an integral part of the growing blue economy, and accessible and affordable communication is a current goal. However, offshore areas lack adequate wireless connectivity. While Satellite and Very High Frequency (VHF) communication can be used, they come with limitations in cost and latency that hinder autonomous ship operations. In contrast, mobile networks can extend land-based communication over water, support Internet of Things (IoT) use cases, and enable seamless autonomous ship operations promising significant benefits for the maritime sector. However, the primary challenge lies in establishing reliable connectivity in coastal regions. Therefore, this paper explores the feasibility of using 5G-enabled drones and floating mobile base stations (FMBS) to establish mobile connectivity in coastal areas. Specifically, we examine the use of 5G FR-1 frequency (700MHz), which offers broader coverage, lower power consumption, and better support for IoT and fast-moving users (e.g., on ships and cruises). We present a case study to provide internet service along a predetermined route, i.e., from Kristiansand to Amsterdam. We also assess the appropriate maritime propagation model to evaluate the performance of the proposed solution and its feasibility for providing reliable and efficient connectivity. Our calculations provide insight into the number of drones needed to establish a mobile network in that particular route. Our study demonstrates the potential of using 5G-enabled drones and FMBS to improve mobile communication in the maritime sector.