Mechanistic insights into carbamate formation from CO2 and amines: the role of guanidine–CO2 adducts
Capture of CO2 by amines is an attractive synthetic strategy for the formation of carbamates. Such reactions can be mediated by superbases, such as 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine (TMG), with previous implications that zwitterionic superbase–CO2 adducts are able to actively transfer the carboxylate gro...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Catalysis science & technology 2021-01, Vol.11 (20), p.6877-6886 |
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Sprache: | eng |
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Zusammenfassung: | Capture of CO2 by amines is an attractive synthetic strategy for the formation of carbamates. Such reactions can be mediated by superbases, such as 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine (TMG), with previous implications that zwitterionic superbase–CO2 adducts are able to actively transfer the carboxylate group to various substrates. Here we report a detailed investigation of zwitterionic TMG–CO2, including isolation, NMR behavior, reactivity, and mechanistic consequences in carboxylation of aniline-derivatives. Our computational and experimental mechanistic analysis shows that the reversible TMG–CO2 zwitterion is not a direct carboxylation agent. Instead, CO2 dissociates from TMG–CO2 before a concerted carboxylation occurs, where the role of the TMG is to deprotonate the amine as it is attacking a free CO2. This insight is significant, as it opens a rational way to design new synthesis strategies. As shown here, nucleophiles otherwise inert towards CO2 can be carboxylated, even without a CO2 atmosphere, using TMG–CO2 as a stoichiometric source of CO2. We also show that natural abundance 15N NMR is sensitive for zwitterion formation, complementing variable-temperature NMR studies. |
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ISSN: | 2044-4753 2044-4761 2044-4761 |
DOI: | 10.1039/d1cy01433a |