Adiabatic shear bands produced at low impact speed

White layers have been a focus of attention for the research on friction and wear since 1911 when Stead first identified them on the surface of steel wire ropes used. Surface white layers have been observed in a variety of situations and in a variety of ferrous and nonferrous materials. White layers are much harder and possess very fine grains. It is still in dispute whether or not the phase transformation takes place in the layer. Internally white layers or bands often occur in the materials impacted at ultra-high velocities. In the 1940s, Zener and Hollomon explained the unique phenomenon by the mechanism of