ORTAÇAĞ MÜSLÜMAN TOPLUMLARINDA TERCÜME TENKİD TERKİB TELİF AŞAMALARININ TOPLUMSAL İZDÜŞÜMLERİ VE BİLİMİN GELİŞMESİ

Knowledge is the common accumulation of humanity. However, each scientific process reflects the local characteristics of civilization as well as social surroundings where the knowledge existed. This essay will follow tracks of the mentality of positive science as a characteristic of Islamic civilization as reflected on science; to do so, scientific studies, especially translations in the Islamic Civilization, will be compared with the Western civilization. The picture we have as a result of translations and composition studies will give us important ideas to understand the development of the positive science as a method in each civilization. Lastly, according to the information we get from this comparative study, it will be understood better that there is a big difference between positive characteristics of science that Islam has got from the Middle East, from Greece and from India, with positive characteristics of science in the middle ages that Europe got from Islam. In the process of development of positive sciences Islamic Societies contributed to Europe more than they transferred from them. Especially translation and transfer of Ancient Middle Eastern Knowledge accumulation and Indian and Chinese scientific heritage is a huge contribution itself. During five centuries (from 8th to 12th), Islamic Societies have translated scientific heritage from these three centers and produced writings making such knowledge available for Europe.