За количествените методи в електоралната история, или Как да измерваме избирателните системи?

The article analyzes the measurement methods of elections and electoral systems. The most цоммон coefficients of disproportionality are presented: The Rae index, the Loosemore – Hanby index, and the Gallagher Least Squares index. Mentioned are also some quantitative methods for evaluation of party systems: The Taagepera – Shugart advantage ratio, the Rae fractionalization index and the Laakso Taagepera effective number of parties. In the conclusion part the author discusse some typical difficulties in measuring elections and electoral systems in the more distant past: problems concerning an existence of uncontested mandates, regional-based coalitions for parliamentary elections, members of parliament by appointment etc.