Advancing Cybersecurity through Civic Skills

The rise of sophisticated cybercrime, often perpetrated through linking the devices of unwitting individuals to criminal botnets, has drawn attention to the critical role the cybersecurity skills of individuals play in achieving effective cybersecurity. This paper identifies the key cybersecurity civic skills, explores how these skills have been taught in Europe, and identifies more effective approaches to training. The results highlight the importance of personalised and continuously updated training materials, and the potential of innovative training methods, such as gamification and learning portals.