Isotopic Approaches to Mobility in Northern Africa: A Bioarchaeological Examination of Egyptian/Nubian Interaction in the Nile Valley

Interaction between the peoples of northern Africa has thrived for millennia; isotopic analysis of skeletal remains is an excellent method to examine this interface and better understand the associated social implications. Here, we discuss the applicability of strontium (87Sr/86Sr) and oxygen (δ18O) isotope analysis to osteological specimens. These elements, characterised by geological, locale-specific, atomic ratios, are incorporated into human dental enamel during young adulthood and into bone continuously via food and/or water. This information can then be compared to the individual’s place of burial and, thus, can infer mobility and identity.Specifically, we address migration between Egypt and Nubia during various periods. The Upper Nubian archaeological site of Tombos, located on the Third Cataract of the Nile in modern Sudan (Fig. 7.1), functioned as an Egyptian colonial outpost during the New Kingdom Period (1550–1069 BC).