Commuting Pairs in Quasigroups
A quasigroup is a pair $(Q, *)$ where $Q$ is a non-empty set and $*$ is a binary operation on $Q$ such that for every $(a, b) \in Q^2$ there exists a unique $(x, y) \in Q^2$ such that $a*x=b=y*a$. Let $(Q, *)$ be a quasigroup. A pair $(x, y) \in Q^2$ is a commuting pair of $(Q, *)$ if $x * y = y * x...
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Zusammenfassung: | A quasigroup is a pair $(Q, *)$ where $Q$ is a non-empty set and $*$ is a
binary operation on $Q$ such that for every $(a, b) \in Q^2$ there exists a
unique $(x, y) \in Q^2$ such that $a*x=b=y*a$. Let $(Q, *)$ be a quasigroup. A
pair $(x, y) \in Q^2$ is a commuting pair of $(Q, *)$ if $x * y = y * x$.
Recently, it has been shown that every rational number in the interval $(0, 1]$
can be attained as the proportion of ordered pairs that are commuting in some
quasigroup. For every positive integer $n$ we establish the set of all integers
$k$ such that there is a quasigroup of order $n$ with exactly $k$ commuting
pairs. This allows us to determine, for a given rational $q \in (0, 1]$, the
spectrum of positive integers $n$ for which there is a quasigroup of order $n$
whose proportion of commuting pairs is equal to $q$. |
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DOI: | 10.48550/arxiv.2412.08107 |