An Asymmetric Spoof-Fluid-Spoof Acoustic Waveguide and its Application as a CO$_2$ Sensor

Phys. Rev. Applied 20(4): 044047 (2023) We study pressure acoustic propagation in asymmetric spoof-fluid-spoof acoustic waveguides and its potential application in acoustic gas sensors. First, a stable and efficient analytical method is established for fast calculation of the dispersion curves based on spectral expansion and enforcement of continuity between segments at suitable collocation points. The analysis is validated by a commercial finite element software. The geometric design of the waveguide is then optimized for the emergence of a nearly-flat dispersion curve associated with vertical geometric asymmetry. The waveguide is fabricated using 3D printing technology and the measurement results corroborate the numerical simulations. Based on the nearly-flat dispersion curve supported by this waveguide, a CO$_2$ sensor is proposed allowing to relate the phase difference measured between two points in the waveguide to the composition of the gas in the waveguide. The proposed sensor is experimentally validated in a controlled environment and the measurement results match the computational predictions well. The sensor is robust with respect to noise and signal-recording duration due to fast phase measurements and shows high sensitivity to gas concentration due to reliance on the second, nearly-flat, dispersion curve. In addition, the sensor is label-free and low-cost, while exhibiting rapid response, low-maintenance requirements and potential for measurements in a wide range of CO$_2$ concentrations without saturation issues.