Few-photon single ionization of cold rubidium in the over-the-barrier regime

Photoionization of the rubidium (Rb) atoms cooled in a magneto-optical trap, characterized by the coexistence of the ground 5\(S_{1/2}\) and the excited 5\(P_{3/2}\) states, is investigated experimentally and theoretically with the 400 nm femtosecond laser pulses at intensities of \(I=3\times10^9\) W/cm\(^2\) - \(4.5\times10^{12}\) W/cm\(^2\). Recoil-ion momentum distribution (RIMD) of Rb\(^+\) exhibits rich ring-like structures and their energies correspond to one-photon ionization of the 5\(P_{3/2}\) state, two-photon and three-photon ionizations of the 5\(S_{1/2}\) state, respectively. With the increasing of \(I\), we find that experimental signals near zero-momentum (NZM) in RIMDs resulted from the 5\(P_{3/2}\) state enhance dramatically and its peaked Rb\(^+\) momenta dwindle obviously while that from the 5\(S_{1/2}\) state is maintained. Meanwhile, the ion-yield ratio of the 5\(S_{1/2}\) over the 5\(P_{3/2}\) states varies from \(I\) to \(I^{1.5}\) as \(I\) increases. These features indicate a transition from perturbative ionization to strong-perturbative ionization for the 5\(P_{3/2}\) state. Numerical simulations by solving the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation (TDSE) can qualitatively explain the measurements of RIMD, photoion angular distributions, as well as ion-yield ratio. However, some discrepancies still exist, especially for the NZM dip, which could stem from the electron-electron correlation that is neglected in the present TDSE simulations since we have adopted the single-active-electron approximation.