Tunable Aharonov-Bohm-like cages for quantum walks

Aharonov-Bohm cages correspond to an extreme confinement for two-dimensional tight-binding electrons in a transverse magnetic field. When the dimensionless magnetic flux per plaquette \(f\) equals a critical value \(f_c=1/2\), a destructive interference forbids the particle to diffuse away from a small cluster. The corresponding energy levels pinch into a set of highly degenerate discrete levels as \(f\to f_c\). We show here that cages also occur for discrete-time quantum walks on either the diamond chain or the \(\mathcal{T}_3\) tiling but require specific coin operators. The corresponding quasi-energies versus \(f\) result in a Floquet-Hofstadter butterfly displaying pinching near a critical flux \(f_c\) and that may be tuned away from 1/2. The spatial extension of the associated cages can also be engineered.