Singular Reduction of the 2-Body Problem on the 3-Sphere and the 4-Dimensional Spinning Top

We consider the dynamics and symplectic reduction of the 2-body problem on a sphere of arbitrary dimension. It suffices to consider the case for when the sphere is 3-dimensional and where we take the group of symmetries to be \(SO(4)\). As the 3-sphere is a group, both left and right multiplication on itself are commuting symmetries which together generate the full symmetry group. This gives rise to a notion of left and right momenta for the problem, and allows for a reduction in stages, first by the left and then the right, or vice versa. The intermediate reduced spaces obtained by left or right reduction are shown to be coadjoint orbits of the special Euclidean group \(SE(4)\). The full reduced spaces are generically 4-dimensional and we describe these spaces and their singular strata. The dynamics of the 2-body problem descend through a double cover to give a dynamical system on \(SO(4)\), which after reduction is the same as that of a 4-dimensional spinning top with symmetry. This connection allows us to `hit two birds with one stone' and derive results about both the spinning top and the 2-body problem simultaneously. We provide the equations of motion on the reduced spaces and fully classify the relative equilibria and discuss their stability.