Trajectory analysis of high-harmonic generation from periodic crystals

We theoretically study high-harmonic generation (HHG) from solids driven by intense laser pulses using a one-dimensional model periodic crystal. By numerically solving the time-dependent Schr\"{o}dinger equation directly on a real-space grid, we successfully reproduce experimentally observed unique features of solid-state HHG such as the linear cutoff-energy scaling and the sudden transition from a single- to multiple-plateau structure. Based on the simulation results, we propose a simple model that incorporates vector-potential-induced intraband displacement, interband tunneling, and recombination with the valence-band hole. One key parameter is the valley-to-peak amplitude of the pulse vector potential, which determines the crystal momentum displacement during the half cycle. When the maximum peak-to-valley amplitude \(A_{\rm peak}\) reaches the half width \(\frac{\pi}{a}\) of the Brillouin zone with \(a\) being the lattice constant, the HHG spectrum exhibits a transition from a single- to multiple-plateau structure, and even further plateaus appear at \(A_{\rm peak} = \frac{2\pi}{a}, \frac{3\pi}{a}, \cdots\). The multiple cutoff positions are given as functions of \(A_{\rm peak}\) and the second maximum \(A_{\rm peak}^{\prime}\), in terms of the energy difference between different bands. Using our recipe, one can draw electron trajectories in the momentum space, from which one can deduce, for example, the time-frequency structure of HHG without elaborate quantum-mechanical calculations. Finally, we reveal that the cutoff positions depend on not only the intensity and wavelength of the pulse, but also its duration, in marked contrast to the gas-phase case. Our model can be viewed as a solid-state and momentum-space counterpart of the familiar three-step model, highly successful for gas-phase HHG, and provide a unified basis to understand HHG from solid-state materials and gaseous media.