Hawking tunneling and boomerang behaviour of massive particles with E < m

Massive particles are radiated from black holes through the Hawking mechanism together with the more familiar radiation of massless particles. For \(E >= m\), the emission rate is identical to the massless case. But \(E < m\) particles can also tunnel across the horizon. A study of the dispersion relation and wave packet simulations show that their classical trajectory is similar to that of a boomerang. The tunneling formalism is used to calculate the probability for detecting such \(E < m\) particles, for a Schwarzschild black hole of astrophysical size or in an analogue gravity experiment, as a function of the distance from the horizon and the energy of the particle.