CO2‑Assisted Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane over VO x /In2O3 Catalysts: Interplay between Redox Property and Acid–Base Interactions

In this work, a series of VO x -loaded In2O3 catalysts were prepared, and their catalytic performance was evaluated for CO2-assisted oxidative dehydrogenation of propane (CO2-ODHP) and compared with In2O3 alone. The optimal composition is obtained on 3.4V/In2O3 (surface V density of 3.4V nm–2), which exhibited not only a higher C3H6 selectivity than other V/In catalysts and In2O3 under isoconversion conditions but also an improved reaction stability. To elucidate the catalyst structure–activity relationship, the VO x /In2O3 catalysts were characterized by chemisorption [NH3-temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), NH3-diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), CO2-TPD, and CO2-DRIFTS], H2-temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), in situ Raman spectroscopy, UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and further examined using density functional theory. The In–O–V structure and the extent of oligomerization, which play a crucial role in improving selectivity and stability, were identified in the VO x /In2O3 catalysts. In particular, the presence of surface VO x (i) inhibits the deep reduction of In2O3, thereby preserving the activity, (ii) neutralizes the excess basicity on In2O3, thus suppressing propane dry reforming and achieving a higher propylene selectivity, and (iii) introduces additional redox sites that participate in the dehydrogenation reaction by utilizing CO2 as a soft oxidant. The present work provides insights into developing selective, stable, and robust metal-oxide catalysts for CO2-ODHP by controlling the conversion of reagents via desired pathways through the interplay between acid–base interactions and redox properties.