Tuning Li-Ion Diffusion in α‑LiMn1–x Fe x PO4 Nanocrystals by Antisite Defects and Embedded β‑Phase for Advanced Li-Ion Batteries

Olivine-structured LiMn1–x Fe x PO4 has become a promising candidate for cathode materials owing to its higher working voltage of 4.1 V and thus larger energy density than that of LiFePO4, which has been used for electric vehicles batteries with the advantage of high safety but disadvantage of low energy density due to its lower working voltage of 3.4 V. One drawback of LiMn1–x Fe x PO4 electrode is its relatively low electronic and Li-ionic conductivity with Li-ion one-dimensional diffusion. Herein, olivine-structured α-LiMn0.5Fe0.5PO4 nanocrystals were synthesized with optimized Li-ion diffusion channels in LiMn1–x Fe x PO4 nanocrystals by inducing high concentrations of Fe2+–Li+ antisite defects, which showed impressive capacity improvements of approaching 162, 127, 73, and 55 mAh g–1 at 0.1, 10, 50, and 100 C, respectively, and a long-term cycling stability of maintaining about 74% capacity after 1000 cycles at 10 C. By using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy imaging and joint refinement of hard X-ray and neutron powder diffraction patterns, we revealed that the extraordinary high-rate performance could be achieved by suppressing the formation of electrochemically inactive phase (β-LiMn1–x Fe x PO4, which is first reported in this work) embedded in α-LiMn0.5Fe0.5PO4. Because of the coherent orientation relationship between β- and α-phases, the β-phase embedded would impede the Li+ diffusion along the [100] and/or [001] directions that was activated by the high density of Fe2+–Li+ antisite (4.24%) in α-phase. Thus, by optimizing concentrations of Fe2+–Li+ antisite defects and suppressing β-phase-embedded olivine structure, Li-ion diffusion properties in LiMn1–x Fe x PO4 nanocrystals can be tuned by generating new Li+ tunneling. These findings may provide insights into the design and generation of other advanced electrode materials with improved rate performance.