The southern necropolis of Cyrene
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgements pag. 3 » 5 Acknowledgements: Addendum 2023. Chapter 1 Introduction 7 Aims of the study. General setting. The Cemeteries of Cyrene. Previous Studies on the Necropolis. » » » » 7 7 8 ю Explorers and antiquarians in the 19th century. From the 20th Century to the Early 21st century. Most recent bibliography. » » ]Q 15 15 General Conclusions on the Previous Studies. » 15 » » 16 19 » 29 Unknown rites. » 29 Object of the research: choosing between living, burials and beliefs. Social history and tombs. Multiple Meanings. » » » 30 31 32 Approaches to Mortuary Archaeology in Cyrene New archaeology/Processualism and Post-Processualism » 35 Binford and mortuary variability. Group identities and the issue of family
tombs. Taintcr and energy expenditure. Quarried rock as a measure of spent energy. Use of the Saxe/Goldstein hypothesis: towards a combination of two tendencies » » » » 36 37 38 39 40 Finding patterns. » 42 Typology. Organization of Spaces. Display strategics. Time. Context. Space. Demography. » » » » ,, ,, » 44 45 45 45 45 46 47 » y 47 4$ » 51 » » » » 51 51 52 53 Explaining changes. Conclusions on mortuary archaeology in Cyrene. Chapter 3 6 » The Southern Necropolis: reasons for the choice . The Southern
Necropolis: description of the area. Chapter 2 » Field Strategies and Techniques Logistical problems. Surveying technique. GIS and recording forms. Samples. »
Chapter 4 Types of tombs and their dates Archaic - Early Classical period (Late 7th - 5th centuries BC). pag. 55 » 56 Early tumuli. Circles of orthostats. Portico-tombs. Interpretive notes on portico-tombs. Sarcophagus-chamber tombs. Interpretive notes on sarcophagus-chamber tombs. Open-air sarcophagi. Interpretive notes on open-air sarcophagi. Cist burials. Funerary half-figures: semi-iconic busts. » » » » » » » » » » 56 57 57 59 60 61 62 65 66 66 Late Classical - Hellenistic period (4th - 1st centuries ВC). Rock-cut tombs. » » 67 67 Ure open-air
courtyard. The façade. Precincts or defined areas. Interiors. The loculus. Tombs with loculi opening off the façade. Tombs with loculi opening off a chamber. Square loculus chambers. Wide loculus chambers. Long loculus chambers. Conclusions on the simple loculus chambers. False façades, galleried and triple long chambers. The evidence on galleried long chambers. A note on adding new loculi in galleried long chambers. The evidence on triple
chambers. The chronology of elaborated long chambers. On the latest false façades. Sunken peristyle. » » » » » » » » » » » » » » » » » » 68 68 70 71 71 72 74 74 74 75 75 75 76 77 77 77 78 78 Built tombs. » 79 A sample complex of built tombs: N1. » 79 » 81 » 82 82 82 83 Rectangular built tombs. » 83 Temple tombs: general traits. Double-loculus temple tombs. Single-loculus temple tombs. “Mastabas”. The chronology of rectangular built tombs. » » » » » 84 84 86 87 88 » 89 » » » » 89 90 90 91 Circular built tombs. Circles of contiguous
orthostats. Circular tombs on podia or socles. Large circular monuments on crepidoma. The chronology of circular built tombs. Other built tombs. Tower mausolea. Small monuments and pedestals. Interpretive notes on Classical-Hellenistic built tombs. Funerary half-figures. » » »
Roman period (from 1st century BC to the end of Antiquity). Rock-cut tombs. pag. » Ά » Niches for portrait-busts. Rectangular niches for inscribed slabs. "Sepulchres”. Alexandrian-type loculi. Roman marble sarcophagi. Wall paintings. Arcosolia. Ossuary niches. Cists in Roman rock-cut tombs. » ,„ ^ 92 93 93 94 94 94 94 9^ Built tombs. » 97 Roman temple tombs. Isodomic-built loculus
tombs. Quadrangular burial precincts. Interpretive notes on tombs in Roman times. » » » » 97 97 9g 9g » 9g » » » Conclusions on the general typology. Chapter 5 Archaic - Early Classical times The Demeter Sanctuary. Position. Estates belonging to the sanctuary. A sacred belt. Features ofthe cult. The Archaic - Early Classical Southern Necropolis. Chapter 6 92 92 » 125 » 125 » » » » 125 126 127 127 » 128 Vertical dimension: status and social evolutions. Horizontal dimension: traditional and exotic models. Elaborating foreign ideas in a world dominated by the Persians. Individualistic ideals versus group ideals. Archaic Cyrenean tombs and Theran burial
practices. Choices in architecture. The positions of Archaic tombs in the Southern Necropolis. The westward track and the lack ofArchaic tombs. Archaic tombs along Balagrae Road. Location of tombs and land-divisions. The possible royal/sanctuary lands and quarries. Lines of orthostats as land-divisions’ markers. Tombs and sanctuaries. Tombs and open-air sarcophagi. Towards a common Cyrenean funerary culture. Possible reflections of Cyrenean 5th-century history on tombs. » » » » » » » » » » » » » » » » 129 133 134 135 136 137 141 141 141 142 143 143 144 144 145 146 Conclusions on the Southern Necropolis in the Archaic Early Classical times. » 147 » 159 Late Classical - Hellenistic times The Demeter Sanctuary. Other elements of the Sacred
Area. The rural sanctuary of Dionysus. The Late Classical - Hellenistic Classical Southern Necropolis. » 159 » 160 » 161 » 162
The spread of Late Classical and Hellenistic Tombs. pag. 163 » » » 163 164 165 » 167 » » » » » 168 168 171 174 175 Tomb positions and roads. The westwards track: a changing landscape and land appropriations. Tomb positions and sanctuaries. An economy of tombs: clues from the spread of tomb types . Tombs and rc-used quarries. Quarried stone in rock-cut tombs: some examples. Quarried stone in built tombs: some examples. Different levels of expenditure. The expensive" monuments. Prosperity and the spread of the monumental funerary culture. » 176 Augmenting the number of burials in monumental tombs. » 176 Attempting a diachronic approach for Classical/Hellenistic times. » 177 » » » » » » » 178 178 179 182 183 186 186 Alternative models: Cyrene and Alexandria. » 187 Rock-cut tombs in
Alexandria. Comparing the above-ground structures. Comparing the courtyards. Comparing the interiors. From Cyrene to Alexandria. From Alexandria to Cyrene. Anomalous details. Possible Alexandrian influences. The role ofAlexandria in the Cyrenean necropolis. » » » » » » » » » 187 188 188 190 193 194 194 195 197 » 198 » 199 » 2^5 » » » 245 246 247 » 249 » „, Ä 249 251 253 254 Solution to the second problem: Yule's Q test. » 256 Examples ofniches combined with arcosolia. Making sense of the patterns shown by the statistical investigation. Arcosolia and the external façades. » 258 259 260 The Late Classical Cyrene and the
Necropolis. The new uses ofhalf-figures from the Late Classical period onwards. 4th-century and Early Hellenistic tombs. The Hellenistic Cyrene and the Necropolis. Hellenistic rock-cut tombs: raising dimensions and complexity. Multi-phases funerary complexes. Specifically designed funerary complexes. Late Hellenistic clues on changing burial customs. Conclusions on the Southern Necropolis in Late Classical - Hellenistic times. Chapter 7 From Early Roman to Middle Imperial times The Demeter Sanctuary. The Roman Southern Necropolis. Tomb Positions during the Roman period. "Restitutio agrorum”: reclaimed public lands on the westward track. Problems of chronology. The niches for portrait-busts and their socio-historical context. Portrait-busts’ niches and other tomb features: a quantitative approach. Problems in the data analysis. Solution to the first problem: y2
test. 247 »
Alternative groups. The nature of the "sepulchres". The nature of the arcosolia. Alexandrian models and Roman culture. Roman culture and Greek identity. Attempting a diachronic approach for Roman Imperial times. Early Roman period until the Jewish revolt (AD 115-7). After the Jewish revolt (AD 115-7). The end of an ancient tradition. 262 263 263 264 » 266 » » 266 266 » 267 267 » 268 » 270 » 287 » » 288 288 » » » 289 289 290 Possible new burial strategies. » 291 Basilicas and martyria. » 292 Farms and cisterns. Conclusions on the Southern Necropolis in Late Antiquity. » 292 » 294 » 303 » » 303 304 Apollonia. A sample small
site: Messa. Another sample small site: Giargiarummah. Other necropoleis in Central Cyrenaica. » » » » 304 305 306 308 Western Cyrenaica. » 311 Barce. Ptolemais. Tocra. Euespcridcs and Berenike. Other necropoleis in Western Cyrenaica. » » » » » 311 312 314 315 316 Eastern Cyrenaica. The hinterland. Cyrene in Cyrenaica: conclusions. Comparisons with the Central and East Mediterranean and the Middle East. Façade-tombs. » » » 316 316 317 : y 31g ^18 On the spread of early façade-tombs.
Later façade-tombs. » ^2] 222 The invisible Jews and the possible ossuary niches. Conclusions on the Southern Necropolis from the Early Roman to the Middle Imperial period. Late Antiquity The Demeter Sanctuary. The Late Antique Necropolis. The latest possible burials in Tomb S1. Tomb S1 as a winery. Other possible tombs re-used as production sites. Chapter 9 261 » » » » » Cyrene and the Roman globalization. Chapter 8 » Conclusions, wider perspectives The Necropolis of Cyrene and the tombs of Cyrenaica. Central Cyrenaica.
pag. 324 Loculi. Appendix Hypothesis 1: the Cyrenaican Origin. » 324 Hypothesis 2: Late Egyptian burials for Sacred Animals. Hypothesis 3: Palestine compared to Alexandria. Hypothesis 4: Phoenicia. Hypothesis 5: Egyptian models. Conclusion: the Ptolemaic world and connected areas. » » » » » 325 325 326 327 328 Arcosolia. A sample-comparison: Cyprus. General Conclusions. » » » 330 330 332 A gazetteer of the Southern Necropolis Bibliography » » 349 473 |
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| title | The southern necropolis of Cyrene |
| title_auth | The southern necropolis of Cyrene |
| title_exact_search | The southern necropolis of Cyrene |
| title_full | The southern necropolis of Cyrene Luca Cherstich |
| title_fullStr | The southern necropolis of Cyrene Luca Cherstich |
| title_full_unstemmed | The southern necropolis of Cyrene Luca Cherstich |
| title_short | The southern necropolis of Cyrene |
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