The prehistoric hunter-gatherers of South-Eastern Europe
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2023
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The prehistoric hunter-gatherers of South-Eastern Europe |c edited by Aitor Ruiz-Redondo and William Davies |
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1 List of Figures List of Tables Notes on Contributors Preface by Clive Gamble vii xi xiii xviii Introduction: Current Relevance and Future Potential of South-eastern Europe in Palaeolithic Research 1 AITOR RUIZ-REDONDO AND WILLIAM DAVIES 2 Lower Palaeolithic Settlement of the Balkans: Evidence from Caves and Open-air Sites 15 DUSAN MIHAILOVIC 3 The Complex Picture of the Chibanian Hominin Record at the Crossroads of Europe and Asia 36 MIRJANA ROKSANDIC, PREDRAG RADOVIC AND JOSHUA LIND AL 4 The Middle Palaeolithic of South-eastern Europe 60 IVOR KARAVANIC AND MARKO BANDA 5 Late Pleistocene Hominin Settlement Patterns in the Central Balkans: Salitrena Pecina, Serbia 107 ANA B. MARIN-ARROYO, JENNIFER R. JONES, EMANUELA CRISTIANI, RHIANNON E, STEVENS, DUSAN MIHAILOVIC AND BOJANA MIHAILOVIC 6 Preliminary Comparison and Chronology of the Lithic Blade and Bladelet Assemblages at the Onset of the Upper Palaeolithic from Bacho Kiro, Temnata and Kozamika Caves in the Eastern Balkans (Bulgaria) 156 TSENKATSANOVA 7 Late Pleistocene Human Fossils from East Central and South-eastern Europe IVOR JANKOVIC AND FRED H. SMITH 203
8 Between the Aegean and the Adriatic: The Balkan Palaeolithic and the Sea 225 NENA GALANIDOU AND CHRISTINA PAPOULIA 9 Epigravettian in the Eastern Adriatic and its Hinterland: An Overview of Settlement Dynamics, Chronology, Subsistence Strategies and Material Culture 252 NIKOLA VUKOSAVLJEVIC 10 Late Glacial Ceramic Innovation and Symbolism from the Balkans in its Wider Context 288 REBECCA FARBSTEIN 11 Réfugiai Foragers to Invasive Farmers: Socio-environmental Transitions During the Early Holocene in the Balkans 314 MARC VANDER LINDEN Index 332
The Balkans can increasingly be seen as a key crossroads region, connecting the Near East with the rest of Europe. Such movements of ancient human foragers were not always from east to west; eastward dispersals into the Near East also occurred. The Balkans also served as an interaction zone, where encounters between incoming and indigenous human groups led to the exchange of ideas and genes. Recently increased intensity of study in the region has led to the discovery of genetic evidence for interbreeding (Neanderthals and modern humans), as well as rock art and possible early seafaring evidence. This volume sets out new frameworks for future research. It is the first to evaluate the long hunter-gatherer prehistory of SE Europe, drawing together the latest evidence (shifting raw material and subsistence economies, human remains and ancient DNA, pre-Neolithic ceramics, etc) to restore this region to its full geographical and human evolutionary importance.
Index Page numbers in bold refer to tables and page numbers in italic refer to figures. Abri Kontija site (Istria, Croatia) 254 Ackermann, R.R. 41 Aegean Sea and islands: archaeological explorations of and finds from 227-8; and inundation of terrestrial spaces 239, 240; marine crossings, and evidence for 232—4; Plio-Quarternary tectonic and volcanic features 240; prehistoric seafaring, and study of 232; ‘Terrestrial Aegean’ model 239, 240 Alonitsi (Agios Efstratios, Aegean Sea) 236 anatomically modern humans (АМН): Apidima Caves (Mani Peninsula, Greece), and fossil evidence for 44, 210; Bacho Kiro Cave (Bulgaria), evidence for 8, 96, 156, 164, 192-5; Bulgaria, hominin fossil record 203-6, 204-5; and first colonisation in Europe 8, 44; Initial Upper Palaeolithic technologies 8; Neanderthals, encounters with 1, 8, 9, 40-41, 48-50, 96, 108, 212, 216-17; Pesturina Cave (Serbia), and fossil evidence for 214; Saiitrena Pecina (Serbia), and fossil finds from 108-9; subsistence strategies, and evidence for 142-3 Apidima Caves (Mani Peninsula, Greece): early modern humans, and evidence for 44, 210; hominin fossil record, and finds from 42, 43^4, 48, 204, 209, 210, 211, 217, 229-30; location of 43—4; Neanderthals, and fossil evidence of 204, 209-10, 210 Asprochaliko Cave (Greece) 69, 76, 90 Atokos (Inner Ionian Archipelago, Greece) 234-5,235 Aurignacian culture (Upper Palaeolithic) 2-3: Bacho Kiro Cave (Bulgaria), and evidence for 2-3, 204, 206; lithic industries 2-3, 8, 108-10, 204, 206; Saiitrena Pecina (Serbia), and evidence for 8, 114-20,115, 121-3,130,138-40, 142—44 Bacho Kiro
Cave (Bulgaria): АМН and Homo sapiens, remains found at 8, 96, 156, 164, 192-5; Aurignacian industries, and evidence for 2-3, 204, 206; Bachokirian Initial Upper Palaeolithic assemblages from 3, 156—7, 204; excavations at 2-3, 4, 156-7, 163—4, 203; faunal remains, finds from 168-72; hominin fossil record, 203-6, 204-5; human occupation, and site function 161-2, 172; IUP and EUP layers, contexts and radiocarbon dating results 158, 158-9, 159-63, 161-2, 188, 188; lithic assemblages, and finds from 156-7, 159-63, 161-2,171,179-80; location of 163,163; retouched tools, and blank economy 181-2,182,185; stone tool production and on-site knapping activities 174-5, 174,176-7 Badanj Rockshelter (Bosnia and Herzegovina) 275: bone tool finds, and osseous technology 273-5, 274; Epigravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic), and associated finds 253, 260; excavations at 3; personal adornment finds 276-8, 277 Badanj u Pokriveniku (cave) (Croatia): Epigravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic), and associated finds 259; lithic assemblages and technologies, finds from 270; zooarchaeological evidence, and subsistence strategies 271-2 Balanica Cave Complex (Serbia) 17, 44-5: dating of 18; excavations at 16, 44; hominin fossil record, and finds from 44-5, 107; Homo heidelbergensis, and fossil finds from 18, 45; location of 44; Mala Balanica, and finds from 18,19, 20, 21,44-5; Velika Balanica settlement, and finds from 20, 21, 28, 44-5 Balkan Peninsula: ceramic technologies of 295-7; geographical definition of 1; ice age refugium 37-9, 46; location and biogeographic relevance of 37-9, 46-7;
migration corridors and hominin dispersal towards Europe 7, 36-7, 46-7; Palaeolithic research, development of 4-6, 10-11 Basler, Duro 3, 4, 262
Index Betalov Spodmol (Slovenia) 65 Bioie Cave (Montenegro): lithic assemblages, and finds from 73, 87, 90, 92; Neanderthals, and evidence of occupation 97 Blazi Cave (Albania): Epigravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic), and associated finds 260; zooarchaeological evidence, and subsistence strategies 272-3 bone tool finds 18: archaeozoological analyses 112-13; Badanj Rockshelter (Bosnia and Herzegovina), finds from 273-5, 274; contextual, techno-typological and economic assessment of (Bulgarian cave sites) 168-72; Kopacina Cave (Croatia), and finds from 273, 274; osseous artefacts 128,130, 143-5, 273-5, 274; radiocarbon dating 110-12, 111; Salitrena Pecina (Serbia), finds from 110-14, 111, 127-36,129-30, 144-5; SandaJja II Cave (Istria, Croatia), finds from 273; stable isotope analyses 113, 128-37,131-3,134; technological study of 113-14; Vlakno Cave (Croatia), finds from 273, 275; see also faunal remains Bordul Mare Cave (Ohaba Ponor, Romania) 204, 212 Bosnia and Herzegovina cave and open-air site excavations 3, 66 Bulgaria cave site excavations 2, 4: hominin fossil record 203-6, 204-5; modern excavation strategies 2 Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) eruption 96-7: climate and environment, impact on 78; IUP and EUP layers, contexts and radiocarbon dating results 189; Kozarnika Cave (Bulgaria), and evidence of 160, 166-7; Temnata Dupka Cave (Bulgaria), and evidence of 157,158-9, 160 Cape Skini Caves (Mani Peninsula, Greece) 226, 229 cave sites: chronology and dating of 16-18; faunal remains, and carnivore activity 18-20; lithic assemblages and technologies 20-21; Lower
Palaeolithic era 15-18,17; previous research, and overview of 16 ceramic technologies 288-90: Afalou bou Rhummel (Algeria), finds from 299; archaeological assumptions and descriptive terms for 290-91; Balkan technologies 295-7; Bédeilhac Cave (France), finds from 299-300; distribution patterns, and contextual considerations 303-4; Dolni Vëstonice I (Moravia), finds from 288, 289, 301-2, 302; Klissoura I Cave (Greece), finds from 291-2; Magdalenian ceramic artefacts (France) 299-300; Maina 333 (Siberia), find from 298-9; origins of 291-2; ‘Pavlovian’ technocomplex, and find sites for 292-3, 292, 294, 295, 300-4, 303; preservation differentials and excavation bias 306-7; production techniques 300-2; sites with ceramic assemblages 290; stylistic traits 301-3; subject matter, and variations in 305-6; Tamar Hat (Algeria), find from 299; technological innovations, and spread of 307-9; Tue d’Audoubert and Montespan caves, clay bison statues from 300; Vela Spila (Croatia), finds from 10, 295-7, 296-8, 300-4, 309; ‘Venus’ of Dolni Vëstonice 1288, 289; WillendorfKostenkian technocomplex, and emergence of 307-8; Zaraysk (Russia), possible finds from 299 Chibanian (Middle Pleistocene) era 7: eastward migrations, and migratory' corridors 36; hominin fossil record, and finds from 36-7, 38, 39, 43,45-6, 48-50; Neanderthals and АМН, evidence for relationships with 48-50; Serbia, and sites identified in 36-7 climate and environment: Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) eruption, and impact on 78, 96-7; depopulation, as a result of changes to 10; environmental transformations, and extensions of plant
and animal species 313; glaciation periods, and glacier extensions 78; Heinrich 4 cold event, and impact of 78; Holocene, and transformations during 10, 313; ice ages, and population migrations 37-9, 46; Marine Isotope Stages (MIS), and impact on 78; sea-level rises 10, 225-7; South-eastern Europe, Middle and Late Pleistocene 61, 78 Croatia: hominin fossil record 205, 206-9; Hrvatsko Zagorje region 207; Palaeolithic site excavations, and fossil finds from 4 Crvena Stijena (Bosnia and Herzegovina): Epigravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic), and associated finds 253, 260; excavations at 3; lithic assemblages, and finds from 67, 72, 84, 85, 86, 89-91, 264 Dealul Guran Rockshelter (Romania) 17: dating of 22-3; excavations at 16; human occupations, and evidence for 23; lithic assemblages, and finds from 25 Denisova Cave (Russia) 49 Divje Babe I site (Slovenia) 90 Dolni Vëstonice I (Moravia): ceramic finds from 301-2, 302; ‘Venus’figurine 288, 289 Donje Pazariäte open-air site (Lika, Croatia) 21-2
334 Index Epigravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic) 9-10: archaeological evidence for 253, 256; Badanj Rockshelter (Bosnia and Herzegovina), finds from 253, 260; Badanj u Pokriveniku (cave) (Croatia), finds from 259; Blazi Cave (Albania), finds from 260; cave sites, and exploration of 253; ceramic technologies 288-90; Crvena Stijena (Bosnia and Herzegovina), finds from 253, 260; Early Epigravettian lithic industry, and associated finds 262, 263^1, 265; Early Holocene lithic tradition 268; human remains, and stable isotope evidence 273, 276; hunter-gatherers, and evidence for 256, 269-71; Konispol Cave (Albania), finds from 260; Kopacina Cave (Croatia), and finds from 259; Late Epigravettian lithic industry 262, 264-8; lithic industries, evolution and chronology of 261-3; lithic raw material procurement 268-70; Ljubiceva Pecina (cave) (Croatia), finds from 258; Malisina Stijena (Bosnia and Herzegovina), finds from 260; Nugljanska Pec (cave) (Croatia), finds from 257; osseous technology 273-5; personal adornment use of natural materials, evidence for 276-8, 277; pre-Epigravettian, and archaeological evidence for 254; Pupicina Pec (cave) (Croatia), finds from 257; radiocarbon dating (Eastern Adriatic sites) 257-60; Romualdova Cave (Croatia), finds from 258; Sandalja II Cave (Istria, Croatia), finds from 253, 257, 262; sea level fluctuations, and impact on 256; site distribution, 255-6, 255, 261; subsistence practices and strategies, and evidence for 270-71, 275; technocomplex studies in the Eastern Adriatic 252-4; Vela Spila (Croatia), finds from 259; Vesanska Pec (cave)
(Croatia), finds from 258; Vlakno Cave (Croatia), finds from 258-9; Zala Cave (Croatia), finds from 258; Zemunica Cave (Croatia), finds from 259; zooarchaeological evidence, and subsistence strategies 271-3 farming and herding: animal domesticates, and evidence for 319-20; climate and environmental changes, and challenges for 321; diet, and use of natural resources 322-3; expansion of 322; Greece, and early farming communities in 319; husbandry techniques, and evidence of 322; Neolithic period sites 319-23, 320 faunal remains: bear cave occupation, and evidence for 19; bone collagen results 131-3, 135, 135; Bos/Bison sp. finds, and isotope results 116, 128-36,131-3, 135; Capra ibex finds, and isotope results 131-3,137; carnivore activity, and evidence for 18-19, 116-20,119; Cervus elaphus finds, and isotope results 131-3, 136; contextual, techno-typological and economic assessment of (Bulgarian cave sites) 168-72,169-70; environmental taxa, and habitat biotopes 125,126; Equus sp. finds, and isotope results 131-3, 137; Gajtan Cave (Albania), finds from 19; Kozarnika Cave (Bulgaria), finds from 19; macromammal remains, and archaeozoological analyses 112-13; Mala Balanica Cave (Serbia), finds from 19, 20; mammal mobility, and patterns of 123-6, 124; marrow extraction, and evidence for 123; Neanderthals, species exploitation and palaeoeconomy 120; Petralona Cave (Greece), finds from 19; Salitrena Pecina (Serbia), finds from and dating of 112-21, 117-18, 122-3; Sandalja I palaeocave (Pula, Croatia), finds from 18-19; skeletal profile, analysis and dating 122-3; stable isotope
analyses 113, 128-37,131-3,134; Trlica cave site (Montenegro), finds from 18; ungulates, and evidence for 122, 127; Velika Balanica settlement (Serbia), finds from 20; zooarchaeological evidence, and subsistence strategies 271-3; see also bone tools Franchthi Cave (Greece): excavations at 3; hominin fossil record, and finds from 211; obsidian finds from 232-4; personal adornment use of natural materials, evidence for 231, 231 Gajtan Cave (Albania): dating of 18; faunal remains from 19; lithic assemblages, and finds from 21 Garrod, Dorothy 2, 163 Golema Pesht Cave (Macedonia) 74, 89 Gorjanovic-Kramberger, Dragutin 2, 39, 206-7 Gravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic) 9-10, 254: chronology 114-16,115; diet and subsistence 120-22,121,122; faunal remains dating from 116-20,117-20; IUP and EUP layers, contexts and radiocarbon dating results 157, 158,158-9, 159-63, 161-2,167; Salitrena Pecina (Serbia) 114-20,115, 121-3, 128,130, 138-40, 144-5; Vrbidka Cave (Montenegro), and finds from 254; see also Epigravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic) Greece: coastline sites, and exploration of 228; early farming communities in 319; Epirus, excavations at 3; hominin fossil record 204-5, 209-11 ; Mani Peninsula,
Index Palaeolithic sites and karstic features 226, 228-9; Marathousa caves, excavations at 17, 23, 24; Neanderthals, and fossil evidence of 215; open-air sites, and development of research into 22; Palaeolithic research, development of 4, 9; Prehistoric Stones of Greece (SOG) database, xix Gvozdenac (Serbia) 26, 26 Hadzi Prodanova Cave (Serbia) 73 Higgs, Eric 3 Holocene era: climate and environment, and transformation during 10, 313; Early Holocene lithic tradition 268; environmental transformations, and extensions of plant and animal species 313, 315; foragers and hunter-gatherers 313-14; start of 9-10 hominin fossil record 8-9: Apidima Caves (Mani Peninsula, Greece), finds from 42, 43^1,48, 204, 209, 210, 211, 217, 229-30; Balanica Cave Complex (Serbia), and fossil evidence for 44-5, 107; Bordul Mare Cave (Ohaba Ponor, Romania), finds from 204, 212; Bulgaria, finds from 203-6, 204-5; Chibanian (Middle Pleistocene) era finds 36-7, 38, 39, 48-50; Croatia, finds from 205, 206-9; Franchthi Cave (Greece) finds from, 211; Greece, finds from 204-5, 209-11 ; interbreeding, and genomic evidence for 9, 40—41, 49; Kalamakia Cave (Mani Peninsula, Greece), finds from 204, 211 ; Kozarnika Cave (Bulgaria), finds from 8,165, 203-6, 205; Krapina Cave (Croatia), finds from 39-41, 41, 48, 204, 207, 208; La Adam Cave (Romania) finds from 212; Lakonis Cave (Mani Peninsula, Greece), finds from 204, 210-11; Neanderthals, and fossil evidence of 2, 40, 48; Pestera Cioclovina Uscatä (Romania), finds from 212, 213; Perlera cu Oase Cave (Romania), finds from 212; Pe?tera Muierii Cave (Romania),
finds from 212, 213; PeSturina Cave (Serbia), finds from 107, 204, 214; Petralona Cave (Greece), finds from 41-3, 42, 48, 209; radiocarbon dating, and results from 205-6; Romania, finds from 212-13; Sandalja II Cave (Istria, Croatia), finds from 209; Serbia, finds from 204-5, 213-14; Temnata Dupka Cave (Bulgaria), finds from 203, 206; Theopetra Cave (Greece) 211 ; Velika Balanica settlement (Serbia), finds from 44-5, 48; Vindija Cave (Croatia), finds from 204, 207-8 Homo heldelbergensis xviii: Mala Balanica, and fossil finds from 18, 45, 107; Petralona Cave (Greece), and fossil finds from 43 335 Homo sapiens, xviii: Africa, and presence in 48; arrival in Europe 156-7; Bacho Kiro Cave (Bulgaria), and evidence for 164, 192-5; fishing, and marine diet 230-31; Kozarnika Cave (Bulgaria), and evidence of 165; lithic technologies, and development of 159-63,161-2, 1925; Temnata Dupka Cave (Bulgaria), and first evidence for 8, 157; transitional Middle to Upper Palaeolithic period 156 Hrvatsko Zagorje region (Croatia): hominin fossil record, and finds from 207, 214; Neanderthals, and fossil evidence of214-15 human migrations: Chibanian (Middle Pleistocene) era, and evidence for 36-7; colonisation routes 1 ; migration corridors and hominin dispersal towards Europe 7, 36-7, 46-7 human occupations 7, 28: Acheulean occupations, and associated finds xix, 239—40,241; Bacho Kiro Cave (Bulgaria), and site function 161-2, 172; Dealul Guran rockshelter (Romania), and evidence for 23; diet, and use of natural resources 230-32, 270-71, 319, 322-3; and diversity ofpopulations 7; Epigravettian
culture (Upper Palaeolithic), and sites of 9-10, 252-4; Europe, and first inhabitants of 47; faunal remains, and carnivore activity 18-19,20,116-20,119; fire, use of and ' evidence for 19,20; Gravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic), and sites of 9-10,254; hunter-gatherers, and evidence for 256, 269-71; Kozarnika Cave (Bulgaria), and site function 161-62,172; lithic assemblages, and evidence for 20-21,27-28, 168-72; Marathousa 1 site (Greece), and evidence for 23,27-28; marine diet, and evidence for 231-32; Mesolithic settlement sites, and population densities 316-18,316; mineral resources, and use of raw materials 29; Neolithic period sites 319-23; open-air sites, and evidence for 23—4; palaeoeconomy, diet and environmental exploitation 120-22, 121,122; personal adornment use of natural materials, evidence for 207, 231, 276-8,277; Rodafnidia Cave and open-air site (Lesbos, Greece), and evidence for 23; Salitrena Pecina (Serbia), and evidence for 109,120-21; subsistence practices and strategies, and evidence for 137,142-3, 168, 270-71 ; Temnata Dupka Cave (Bulgaria), and site function 161-2,172; Velika Balanica settlement (Serbia), and evidence for 20; Yarimburgaz Cave (Turkey), and evidence for 19; Zapadna Morava River (Serbia), and evidence for 23^1
336 Index Ionian Sea and islands: archaeological explorations of and finds from 227-8; Inner Ionian Archipelago, and survey of 234, 234; and inundation of terrestrial spaces 237; Meganisi island, finds from 237, 235; Panthera Cave (Kythros islet) 237, 237 Jacobsen, Thomas 3 Kalamakia Cave (Mani Peninsula, Greece): hominin fossil record, and finds from 204, 211; lithic assemblages, and finds from 70, 77; Neanderthals, and fossil evidence of 204, 211, 229; Palaeolithic sites, and location of 226, 228; shells, and use of natural resources 233 Kalloni Gulf and Basin (Greece) 242 Kastel Stafilic-Resnik underwater site (Croatia): lithic assemblages, and finds from 90, 95, 239; underwater excavations at 239 Klissoura I Cave (Greece): ceramic finds from 291-2; lithic assemblages, and finds from 76, 87-9, 91 ; personal adornment use of natural materials, evidence for 231 Klithi Rockshelter (Epirus): shells, use of natural resources and evidence for 231, 232; zooarchaeological evidence, and subsistence strategies 272 Kokkinopilos Cave and open-air site (Greece) 17: chronology and dating of 23; lithic assemblages, and finds from 22, 25, 64, 79 Kolominista Cave (Mani Peninsula, Greece) 226, 229 Konispol Cave (Albania) 260 Kopacina Cave (Croatia) 271: bone tool finds, and osseous technology 273, 274; Epigravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic), and associated finds 259; lithic assemblages and technologies, finds from 269 Kosovska Kosa (Serbia) 25-6, 26 Kozarnika Cave (Bulgaria) 17: bladelet technologies, and emergence of 157-8, 187; Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) eruption, and evidence for
160, 166-7; dating of 16-17; Early Kozarnikian lithic industries 158, 165-6; excavations at 4, 16; faunal remains, finds from 19, 168-72,169-70; hominin fossil record 8, 165, 203-6, 205; Homo sapiens, and first evidence for 8, 165; human occupation, and site function 161-2,172; IUP and EUP layers, contexts and radiocarbon dating results 157,158, 158-9, 159-63,161-2,167-, lithic assemblages, and finds from 20-21, 27, 63, 68, 74, 79,81, 157, 159-63,161-2, 165-6,171,179; location of 165; Lower Palaeolithic lithic assemblage from 165; Middle Palaeolithic assemblage from 165; radiocarbon dating, finds from 188; retouched tools, and blank economy 182, 183-5,185; stone tool production and on site knapping activities 174-5, 174, 176-7', Upper Palaeolithic lithic assemblage from 165 Kozlowski, Janusz 4 Krapina Cave (Croatia) 2, 39^11: Gorjanovic-Kramberger, Dragutin, excavation of 2; hominin fossil record, and finds from 39-^41, 41, 48, 204, 207, 208; importance of site 7; lithic assemblages, and finds from 65, 94; location of 39; Neanderthals, and fossil evidence of hybridisation 2, 40-41 Kremenac site (Nis, Serbia) 22, 25 Kujundzic, Zilka 3 La Adam Cave (Romania) 212 Lakonis Cave (Mani Peninsula, Greece): hominin fossil record, and finds from 204, 210-11; lithic assemblages, and finds from 70, 77 Late Pleistocene 203-6, 204-5 Lesbos (Greece) 242: dispersal and settlement in low-sea-level periods 242; sea-level fluctuations, and impact on 240-2 lithic assemblages and technologies 15, 20-21 : Acheulean occupations, and associated finds 239^10, 241; Adriatic Charentian sites, and
finds from 94-5, 98; anatomically modern humans (АМН), and evidence for 8, 96, 156, 164, 192-5; Asprochaliko Cave (Greece), finds from 69, 76, 90; Atokos (Inner Ionian Archipelago, Greece), finds from 234-5,235; Aurignacian industries, and evidence for 2-3, 8, 108-10, 204, 206; Bacho Kiro Cave (Bulgaria), finds from 156-7, 159-63, 161—2,171,179-80; Bachokirian Initial Upper Palaeolithic assemblages 3, 156-7, 204; Badanj Rockshelter, finds from 270; Betalov Spodmol (Slovenia), finds from 65; bifacial leafpoint technology, and origin of 93; Bioce Cave (Montenegro), finds from 73, 87, 90, 92; bladelet technologies, emergence and variability’ of 157-8,160, 165-7,167, 175,176-81, 178-81,184, 185-6, 190-2, 195; Bosnia and Herzegovina, finds from 22; Charentian industries, and evidence for 82^1, 83, 86-9, 87-8, 93-4, 98; chronology and dating of 79-82, 80; contextual, techno-typological and economic assessment of (Bulgarian cave sites) 167-8, 168-72,171; Crvena Stijena (Bosnia and Herzegovina), finds from 67, 72, 84, 85, 86, 89-91, 264;
Index Dealul Guran rocksheiter (Romania), finds from 25; Divje Babe I site (Slovenia), finds from 90; Dufour bladelets 185, 786; Early Epigravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic) 262, 263—4, 265; Early Kozarnikian industries 158, 165-6; Early Upper Palaeolithic (EUP), technological developments and chronologies of assemblages 7, 157, 159-67,167-8, 187, 187; Epigravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic) 9-10, 261-3; Gajtan Cave (Albania), finds from 21; Golema Pesht Cave (Macedonia), finds from 74, 89; Gvozdenac (Serbia), finds from 26, 26; Hadzi Prodanova Cave (Serbia), finds from 73; Homo sapiens, and first evidence for 159-63, 192—4; Initial Upper Palaeolithic industries (IUP), and chronologies of assemblages 8, 156, 157, 166-7,167-8, 185-7; Kalamakia Cave (Mani Peninsula, Greece), finds from 70, 77; Kastel StafilicResnik underwater site (Croatia), finds from 90, 95, 239; Klissoura I Cave (Greece), finds from 76, 87-9, 91; Kokkinopilos Cave and open-air site (Greece), finds from 22, 25, 64, 79; Kolominista Cave (Mani Peninsula, Greece), transitional lithic industry' identified at 226, 229; Kopaëina Cave (Croatia), and finds from 269; Kosovska Kosa (Serbia), finds from 25-6,26; Kozamika Cave (Bulgaria), finds from 20-21, 27,63,68, 74, 79, 81,157, 159-63, 161-2, 165-6, 171,179,187; Krapina Cave (Croatia), finds from 65, 94; Kremenac site (Nis, Serbia), finds from 25; Lakonis Cave (Mani Peninsula, Greece), finds from 70, 77; Late Epigravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic) 262,264-8, 266-7; Late Mousterian Denticulate industries 89, 95-6; Ljubiceva Pecina (cave) (Croatia), finds
from 270; Lower Palaeolithic finds 24-7, 27; Mala Balanica Cave (Serbia), finds from 20, 28, 63, 81; Mamaia open-air site (Romania), finds from 62, 79, 81 ; Marathousa 1 site (Greece), and finds from 24; Meganisi island (Inner Ionian Sea), finds from 237, 238; Micromousterian industries 89, 90, 95; Middle Palaeolithic era, and technological developments 60-61, 79, 87-9, 91-3, 159-66; mineral resources, and use of raw materials 29; MIS4 and MIS3, phases of and lithic technological developments 86-91, 8788; MIS5, phases of and lithic technological developments 78, 82-5, 83; Mitoc-Valea Izvorului open-air site (Romania), finds from 62, 80; MousteroLevalloisian technology, and evidence for 337 earliest use of 79-82, 81, 84, 86, 89,92-3, 97, 193-5; Mujina Pecina (Croatia), finds from 71, 88, 90, 92, 95; Musselievo openair site (Bulgaria), finds from 75,189; Neanderthals, and evidence for 7; open-air sites, and finds from 21-22; Panthera Cave (Kythros islet, Ionian Sea), finds from 237; Pestera Curatä Cave (Romania), finds from 75; Pestera Muierii Cave (Romania), finds from 75; PeSturina Cave (Serbia), finds from 68, 74, 85, 89; Petralona Cave (Greece), finds from 21; Petrovac 1 site (Serbia), finds from 26-7; Petrovaradin open-air fortress (Serbia), finds from 67, 84, 85; Plakias site (Crete), finds from 25; preMIS5 stages, and transition from Lower to Middle Palaeolithic 79-82, 80-81; ‘Protocharentian’ technologies, and emergence of 82, 93-4; Punikve open-air site (Ivanec, Croatia), finds from 21, 64; Pupicina Pec (cave) (Croatia), finds from 270; Quina/Yabrudian technology,
and evidence for 28; raw material economy (Bulgarian cave sites) 172-6,173; raw material procurement 268-70, 270; retouched tools, and classification of 160-63,181-7,182,184,185-7, 192; Ripiceni-Izvor open-air site (Romania), finds from 62, 82; Risovaca Cave (Serbia), finds from 73; Rodafnidia Cave and openair site (Lesbos, Greece), finds from 25, 64, 79; Rodia (Thessaly, Greece), finds from 22, 25; Romualdova Cave (Croatia), finds from 269, 270; Salitrena Pecina (Serbia), finds from 73, 91,126-7; Samuilitsa II Cave (Bulgaria), finds from 75,188,189; Sandalja I palaeocave (Pula, Croatia), finds from 20; Sandalja II Cave (Istria, Croatia), finds from 262, 263—4, 269, 270; Shiroka Polyana (Bulgaria), finds from 25; South eastern Europe, technological and typo logical elements of 61; technoeconomic and typological assessment (Bulgarian cave sites) 174-5,174,190; technological features of 126-7; Temnata DupkaCave (Bulgaria), finds from 159-63, 161-2,171,179,181; Theopetra Cave (Greece), finds from 69, 89; tool production andon-site knapping activities 174—5,174, 176; Typical Mousterian industries, and evidence for 82-4, 83, 86,87-8; Uluzzian industry 91-2, 216; Uzun Mera open-air site (Macedonia), finds from 68; Vela Spila (Croatia), finds from 262-4, 263, 265-7; Velika Balanica settlement (Serbia), finds from 21,28,63, 80, 81; Velika Pecina (Klitevica, Croatia), finds from 71, 88, 90, 92; Veternica Cave (Croatia), finds from 66;
338 Index lithic assemblages and technologies (Continued) Vindija Cave (Croatia), finds from 71, 89; Vlakno Cave (Croatia), finds from 263-4, 269, 270; Vrbicka Cave (Montenegro), and finds from 263^1; Yanmburgaz Cave (Turkey), finds from 21, 64; Zala Cave (Croatia), finds from 269, 270; Zapadna Morava River (Serbia), and finds from 24; Zobiste open-air site (Bosnia and Herzegovina), finds from 66 Ljubiceva Pecina (cave) (Croatia): Epigravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic), and associated finds 258; lithic assemblages and technologies, finds from 270 Lower Palaeolithic era: cave sites and character of 15-18,17-, human occupations, and evidence for 23^4; Kozarnika Cave (Bulgaria), finds from 165; lithic finds 15, 27, 165; mineral resources, and use of 29 Mala Balanica Cave (Serbia): dating of 18; faunal remains, and carnivore activity 19, 20; hominin fossil record, and finds from 44-5; Homo heidelbergensis, and fossil finds from 45, 107; lithic assemblages, and finds from 20, 21, 28, 63, 87; Neanderthals, and fossil evidence for 45 Mala Gradina (Bosnia and Herzegovina) 3 Malez, Mirko 3, 276: Palaeolithic cave site excavations by 2, 3; Vindija Cave (Croatia), excavations at 2, 3, 207 Malisina Stijena (Bosnia and Herzegovina): Epigravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic), and associated finds 260; zooarchaeological evidence, and subsistence strategies 272 Mamaia open-air site (Romania) 62, 79, 87 Marathousa 1 site (Greece) 77: dating of 23; human occupations, and evidence for 23, 27-8; lithic assemblages, and finds from 24 Marine Isotope Stages (MIS): definition of regional
sequences 7; divisions, with boundary dates for each stage 6; lithic assemblages and technologies, chronology and dating 60-61; MIS3, and climate during 78; MIS3, climate phases and lithic technological developments xviii, 86-91, 87-8; MIS4, climate phases and lithic technological developments 78, 86-91, 87-8; MIS5, phases of and lithic technological developments 78, 82-5, 83; MIS6, changes to and evidence for 61, 78; pre-MIS5 stages, and transition from Lower to Middle Palaeolithic 79-82, 80-81 marine landscapes 225-7, 226: Aegean Sea and islands, archaeological explorations of and finds from 227-8; Atokos (Inner Ionian Archipelago, Greece), access to and finds from 234-5, 235; dispersal and settlement in low-sea-level periods 239, 240, 242, 243; fishing, and marine diet 230-31, 275; hominin fossil record, and associated finds 227; and inundation of terrestrial spaces 236-7, 239; Ionian Sea and islands, archaeological explorations of and finds from 227-8; Kastel Stafilic-Resnik underwater site (Croatia), finds from 239; Plakias site (Crete), sea-crossings and evidence for 236; the sea, and use of as a resource 230; sea-level fluctuations, and impacton 10, 225-7, 240-42; water crossings, and challenges of 232-6 Medena Stijena (Montenegro) 272 Meganisi island (Inner Ionian Sea) 237, 238 Mesolithic era xviii: climate and environment, and changes to 315; diet, and use of natural resources 319; foragers and hunter-gatherers 313-14; mobility patterns, and evidence of 318-19; settlement sites from, and population densities 316-18, 316, 318 Mitoc-Valea Izvorului open-air site
(Romania) 62, 80 Montet-White, Anta 4 Mujina Pecina (Croatia) 71, 88, 90, 92, 95 Musselievo open-air site (Bulgaria): IUP and EUP layers, contexts and radiocarbon dating results 189; lithic assemblages, and finds from 75 Neanderthals, xviii 95-96: anatomically modern humans (АМН), and encounters with 1, 8, 9, 40-41, 48-50, 96, 108, 212, 216-17; Apidima Caves (Mani Peninsula, Greece), and fossil evidence for 204, 209-10, 210; Bioce Cave (Montenegro), and evidence of occupation 97; Bordul Mare Cave (Ohaba Ponor, Romania), and fossil evidence for 204, 212; Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) eruption, and impact on 97; carnivore activity, and species exploitation 120; climate and environment, and impact on 78; Denisova Cave (Russia), finds from 49; diet, and use of natural resources 230; eastward migrations, and migratory corridors 36; Greece, and fossil evidence for 215; hominin fossil record 2, 40, 48, 204, 216-17; Hrvatsko Zagorje region (Croatia), and fossil evidence for 207, 214-15; Kalamakia Cave (Mani Peninsula, Greece), and fossil evidence for 204, 211, 229; Kozarnika Cave (Bulgaria), and fossil evidence for 204, 206;
Index Krapina Cave (Croatia), and fossil evidence for 2, 40, 204, 206-7; Lakonis Cave (Mani Peninsula, Greece), and fossil evidence for 204; Levantine Neanderthals, and movement of 40, 49; Mala Balanica Cave (Serbia), and fossil evidence for 45; morphology, and variations in 40, 47; Pesturina Cave (Serbia), and fossil evidence for 107, 204, 214; retreat and/ or extinction of 108; Salitrena Pecina (Serbia), and fossil finds from 108-9, 13741; subsistence strategies, and evidence for 137, 142; techno-typological approaches, and diversity of 7; Vindija Cave (Croatia), and fossil evidence for 204, 207-8, 215 Neolithic period: aDNA data, and interpretation of 323, 324; animal domesticates, and evidence for 319-20; animal husbandry techniques, and evidence of 322; climate and environmental changes, and challenges for 321 ; demography and mobility 323-5; diet, and use of natural resources 322-3; farming and herding, and evidence for 319-23, 320; occupation sites 319-23,320 Nugljanska Pec (cave) (Croatia) 257 obsidian finds 232-4 open-air sites 15-16: Bosnia and Herzegovina, lithic finds from 22; chronology' and dating of 22-3; coastline sites (Greece), and exploration of 228; human occupations, and evidence for 23-4; lithic assemblages and technologies, finds from 90; previous research, and overview of21-2 Panthera Cave (Kythros islet, Ionian Sea) 238: excavations at 237; lithic assemblages, and finds from 237 Pecina pod Lipom Cave (Bosnia and Herzegovina) 3 personal adornments 207: shells, and use of natural resources 231,231-2 Pestera Cioclovina Uscatä (Romania) 212,213 Pestera
cu Oase Cave (Romania) 212 Pestera Curatä Cave (Romania) 75 Peçtera Muierii Cave (Romania): hominin fossil record, and finds from 212, 213; lithic assemblages, and finds from 75; Muierii II, and finds from 213 Pesturina Cave (Serbia): anatomically modern humans (АМН), and fossil evidence for 214; hominin fossil record, and finds from 107, 204, 214; lithic assemblages, and finds 339 from 68, 74, 85, 89; Neanderthals, and fossil evidence of 107, 204, 214 Petralona Cave (Greece) 41-3: dating of 18; excavations at 42; faunal remains from 19; hominin fossil record, and finds from 41-3, 42, 48, 209; lithic assemblages, and finds from 21 ; location of 42 Petrovac 1 site (Serbia) 26-7 Petrovaradin Fortress site (Serbia) 67, 84, 85 Pindus Mountain Range (Greece) 236-7 Plakias site (Crete): lithic assemblages, and finds from 25; sea-crossings, and evidence for 236; survey of 235-6 Pleistocene eraxviii: caves and open-air sites, previous research and chronology 16-18, 22; Chibanian (Middle Pleistocene) era 7; climate and environment 61, 78; eastward migrations, and migratory corridors 36; end of 9-10; hominin fossil record, and finds from 36-7, 38, 39, 43, 45-6, 48-50; Late Pleistocene 203-6, 204-5; Serbia, and sites identified in 36-7; settlement patterns (Central Balkans) 107-9, 120-21; South-eastern Europe 61, 78 Poulianos, A.N. 42 Prehistoric Stones of Greece (SOG) database xix: Klithi Rockshelter (Epirus) xix Punikve open-air site (Ivanec, Croatia) 21, 64 Pupicina pec (cave) (Croatia): Epigravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic), and associated finds 257; lithic assemblages and
technologies, finds from 270 radiocarbon dating: hominin fossil record, and results from 205-6; IUP and EUP layers, chronological records and contexts 158,158-9, 166-7,188; Salitrena Pecina (Serbia), finds from 110-12, 111, 115, 137-41, 138-40 Ripiceni-Izvor open-air site (Romania) 62, 82 Risovaca Cave (Serbia) 73 Rodafnidia Cave and open-air site (Lesbos, Greece) 17, 241: Acheulean occupation, and associated finds 239-40, 241-, chronology' and dating of 23; human occupations, and evidence for 23; lithic assemblages, and finds from 25, 64, 79 Rodia (Thessaly, Greece) 22, 25, 27 Romanian hominin fossil record 212-13 Romualdova Cave (Croatia): cave art found in 305-6; Epigravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic), and associated finds 258; lithic assemblages and technologies, finds from 269, 270 Rovinjsko Selo 1 (the cave near) (Istria, Croatia) 254
340 Index Salitrena Pecina (Serbia): Aurignacian occupation, and lithic technologies 8, 114-20,115, 121-3,130, 138 -40, 142^1; bone tool finds 144-5; bone tool finds, and technological features of 110-14, 111, 127-36,130; carnivore activity, and evidence for 116-20,119; catchment areas, and mammal mobility 114, 123-6,124, 125,125; excavations at 8, 109-10,109; faunal remains, and dating of 116-21, 117-18; Gravettian occupation, and dating of 114-20, 115, 121-3, 128,130, 138-40, 144-5; human occupations, and evidence for 109, 120-21; lithic assemblages, and finds from 73, 91, 110, 126-7; location of 109,109; macromammal remains, and archaeozoological analyses 112-13; Mousterian occupation, and dating of 114-20, 115, 121-3,130,138-40; Neanderthals and АМН, evidence for relationships with 8, 108-9, 137-41; occupation dates, and chronology of 114-20, 115, 137-41,138-40; radiocarbon dating, finds from 110-12, 111; species diversity and palaeoeconomy 120-2,121, 122; stable isotope analyses, bone finds 113 Samuilitsa II Cave (Bulgaria): IUP and EUP layers, contexts and radiocarbon dating results 188, 189; lithic assemblages, and finds from 75 Sandalja I palaeocave (Pula, Croatia): dating of 16; faunal remains from 18-19; lithic assemblages, and finds from 20 Sandalja II Cave (Istria, Croatia): bone tool finds, and osseous technology 273; Epigravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic), and associated finds 253, 257; excavations at 209; hominin fossil record, and finds from 209; human remains, and stable isotope evidence 273, 276; lithic assemblages and technologies, finds from 262,
263^1, 269, 270; zooarchaeological evidence, and subsistence strategies 271 Serbia: Chibanian (Middle Pleistocene) sites, and identification of, 36-7; hominin fossil record, and finds from 204-5, 213-14; open-air sites, and development of research into 22; Zapadna Morava River, and survey of 23^1 shell finds: marine diet, and evidence for 231-2; personal adornment use of natural materials, evidence for 231, 231-2; tools and scrapers 232, 233 Shiroka Polyana (Bulgaria) 25 Sirakov, Nikolai 4 Stelida site (Naxos, Greece): chronology and dating of 23; lithic assemblages, and finds from 236 Tabula Traiana Cave (Serbia) 187 Temnata Dupka Cave (Bulgaria): Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) eruption, and evidence for 157,160; excavations at 2-3, 4; faunal remains, finds from 168-72,169-70; hominin fossil record 203, 206; Homo sapiens, and first evidence for 8, 157; human occupation, and site function 161-2, 172; IUP and EUP layers, contexts and radiocarbon dating results 158,158-9, 159-63, 161-2, 164,167-8; lithic assemblages, and finds from 159-63,161-2, 171,179,181 ; location of 164; radiocarbon dating, finds from 188; retouched tools, and blank economy 182, 183,184,185; stone tool production and on-site knapping activities 174-5,174,176-7 Theopetra Cave (Greece): hominin fossil record, and finds from 211 ; lithic assemblages, and finds from 69, 89 Trebaiki Krs Rockshelter (Montenegro) 272 Trlica cave site (Montenegro): dating of 17-18; excavations at 16; faunal remains from 18 Upper Palaeolithic era: Bachokirian Initial Upper Palaeolithic assemblages (Bacho Kiro Cave) 3, 156-7; Campanian
Ignimbrite (CI) eruption, and evidence for 189; chronology, origin and duration of the IUP and the EUP 188-92,188; Early Upper Palaeolithic (EUP), and technological developments 7, 157, 159-66,176-80, 178, 187,187; hominin fossil record, and finds from 216; Homo sapiens, and arrival in Europe 156-7; Initial Upper Palaeolithic industries (IUP), 8, 156, 157, 164,176-80, 178,179, 185-7; Kozarnika Cave (Bulgaria), finds from 165; lithic assemblages and technologies, and radiocarbon dating of 156-8,158-9, 216 Uzun Mera open-air site (Macedonia) 68 Vela Spila (Croatia): ceramic finds from 10, 295-7, 296-8, 300-2, 309; Epigravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic), and associated finds 259; lithic assemblages and technologies, finds from 262-4, 263, 265-7; zooarchaeological evidence, and subsistence strategies 271 Velika Balanica (Serbia) 20: faunal remains, and carnivore activity 20; hominin fossil record, and finds from 44-5, 48; lithic assemblages, and finds from 21, 28, 63, 80, 81 Velika Pecina (Klicevica, Croatia) 71, 88, 90, 92 'Venus’ of Dolni Vëstonice 1288, 289
Index Veäanska pec (cave) (Croatia) 258 Veternica Cave (Croatia) 66 Vindija Cave (Croatia): excavations at 2, 3, 207; hominin fossil record, and finds from 204, 207-8; lithic assemblages, and finds from 71, 89; Neanderthals, and fossil evidence of 204, 207-8, 215 Vlakno Cave (Croatia): bone tool finds, and osseous technology 273, 275; Epigravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic), and associated finds 258-9; lithic assemblages and technologies, finds from 263-4, 269, 270; zooarchaeological evidence, and subsistence strategies, 272 Vrbidka Cave (Montenegro): Gravettianage site, and finds from 254; lithic assemblages and technologies, finds from 263—4; zooarchaeological evidence, and subsistence strategies 272-3 Vukovic, Stjepan 2 341 Whallon, Robert 3 Yanmburgaz Cave (Turkey) 17·. bear occupation, and evidence for 19; dating of 18; lithic assemblages, and finds from 21, 64 Zala Cave (Croatia): Epigravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic), and associated finds 258; lithic assemblages and technologies, finds from 269, 270; zooarchaeological evidence, and subsistence strategies 271 Zemunica Cave (Croatia): Epigravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic), and associated finds 259; zooarchaeological evidence, and subsistence strategies 272-3 Zobiste open-air site (Bosnia and Herzegovina) 66 Bayerische StcaiitbiiÄthek MAGshen |
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1 List of Figures List of Tables Notes on Contributors Preface by Clive Gamble vii xi xiii xviii Introduction: Current Relevance and Future Potential of South-eastern Europe in Palaeolithic Research 1 AITOR RUIZ-REDONDO AND WILLIAM DAVIES 2 Lower Palaeolithic Settlement of the Balkans: Evidence from Caves and Open-air Sites 15 DUSAN MIHAILOVIC 3 The Complex Picture of the Chibanian Hominin Record at the Crossroads of Europe and Asia 36 MIRJANA ROKSANDIC, PREDRAG RADOVIC AND JOSHUA LIND AL 4 The Middle Palaeolithic of South-eastern Europe 60 IVOR KARAVANIC AND MARKO BANDA 5 Late Pleistocene Hominin Settlement Patterns in the Central Balkans: Salitrena Pecina, Serbia 107 ANA B. MARIN-ARROYO, JENNIFER R. JONES, EMANUELA CRISTIANI, RHIANNON E, STEVENS, DUSAN MIHAILOVIC AND BOJANA MIHAILOVIC 6 Preliminary Comparison and Chronology of the Lithic Blade and Bladelet Assemblages at the Onset of the Upper Palaeolithic from Bacho Kiro, Temnata and Kozamika Caves in the Eastern Balkans (Bulgaria) 156 TSENKATSANOVA 7 Late Pleistocene Human Fossils from East Central and South-eastern Europe IVOR JANKOVIC AND FRED H. SMITH 203
8 Between the Aegean and the Adriatic: The Balkan Palaeolithic and the Sea 225 NENA GALANIDOU AND CHRISTINA PAPOULIA 9 Epigravettian in the Eastern Adriatic and its Hinterland: An Overview of Settlement Dynamics, Chronology, Subsistence Strategies and Material Culture 252 NIKOLA VUKOSAVLJEVIC 10 Late Glacial Ceramic Innovation and Symbolism from the Balkans in its Wider Context 288 REBECCA FARBSTEIN 11 Réfugiai Foragers to Invasive Farmers: Socio-environmental Transitions During the Early Holocene in the Balkans 314 MARC VANDER LINDEN Index 332
The Balkans can increasingly be seen as a key crossroads region, connecting the Near East with the rest of Europe. Such movements of ancient human foragers were not always from east to west; eastward dispersals into the Near East also occurred. The Balkans also served as an interaction zone, where encounters between incoming and indigenous human groups led to the exchange of ideas and genes. Recently increased intensity of study in the region has led to the discovery of genetic evidence for interbreeding (Neanderthals and modern humans), as well as rock art and possible early seafaring evidence. This volume sets out new frameworks for future research. It is the first to evaluate the long hunter-gatherer prehistory of SE Europe, drawing together the latest evidence (shifting raw material and subsistence economies, human remains and ancient DNA, pre-Neolithic ceramics, etc) to restore this region to its full geographical and human evolutionary importance.
Index Page numbers in bold refer to tables and page numbers in italic refer to figures. Abri Kontija site (Istria, Croatia) 254 Ackermann, R.R. 41 Aegean Sea and islands: archaeological explorations of and finds from 227-8; and inundation of terrestrial spaces 239, 240; marine crossings, and evidence for 232—4; Plio-Quarternary tectonic and volcanic features 240; prehistoric seafaring, and study of 232; ‘Terrestrial Aegean’ model 239, 240 Alonitsi (Agios Efstratios, Aegean Sea) 236 anatomically modern humans (АМН): Apidima Caves (Mani Peninsula, Greece), and fossil evidence for 44, 210; Bacho Kiro Cave (Bulgaria), evidence for 8, 96, 156, 164, 192-5; Bulgaria, hominin fossil record 203-6, 204-5; and first colonisation in Europe 8, 44; Initial Upper Palaeolithic technologies 8; Neanderthals, encounters with 1, 8, 9, 40-41, 48-50, 96, 108, 212, 216-17; Pesturina Cave (Serbia), and fossil evidence for 214; Saiitrena Pecina (Serbia), and fossil finds from 108-9; subsistence strategies, and evidence for 142-3 Apidima Caves (Mani Peninsula, Greece): early modern humans, and evidence for 44, 210; hominin fossil record, and finds from 42, 43^4, 48, 204, 209, 210, 211, 217, 229-30; location of 43—4; Neanderthals, and fossil evidence of 204, 209-10, 210 Asprochaliko Cave (Greece) 69, 76, 90 Atokos (Inner Ionian Archipelago, Greece) 234-5,235 Aurignacian culture (Upper Palaeolithic) 2-3: Bacho Kiro Cave (Bulgaria), and evidence for 2-3, 204, 206; lithic industries 2-3, 8, 108-10, 204, 206; Saiitrena Pecina (Serbia), and evidence for 8, 114-20,115, 121-3,130,138-40, 142—44 Bacho Kiro
Cave (Bulgaria): АМН and Homo sapiens, remains found at 8, 96, 156, 164, 192-5; Aurignacian industries, and evidence for 2-3, 204, 206; Bachokirian Initial Upper Palaeolithic assemblages from 3, 156—7, 204; excavations at 2-3, 4, 156-7, 163—4, 203; faunal remains, finds from 168-72; hominin fossil record, 203-6, 204-5; human occupation, and site function 161-2, 172; IUP and EUP layers, contexts and radiocarbon dating results 158, 158-9, 159-63, 161-2, 188, 188; lithic assemblages, and finds from 156-7, 159-63, 161-2,171,179-80; location of 163,163; retouched tools, and blank economy 181-2,182,185; stone tool production and on-site knapping activities 174-5, 174,176-7 Badanj Rockshelter (Bosnia and Herzegovina) 275: bone tool finds, and osseous technology 273-5, 274; Epigravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic), and associated finds 253, 260; excavations at 3; personal adornment finds 276-8, 277 Badanj u Pokriveniku (cave) (Croatia): Epigravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic), and associated finds 259; lithic assemblages and technologies, finds from 270; zooarchaeological evidence, and subsistence strategies 271-2 Balanica Cave Complex (Serbia) 17, 44-5: dating of 18; excavations at 16, 44; hominin fossil record, and finds from 44-5, 107; Homo heidelbergensis, and fossil finds from 18, 45; location of 44; Mala Balanica, and finds from 18,19, 20, 21,44-5; Velika Balanica settlement, and finds from 20, 21, 28, 44-5 Balkan Peninsula: ceramic technologies of 295-7; geographical definition of 1; ice age refugium 37-9, 46; location and biogeographic relevance of 37-9, 46-7;
migration corridors and hominin dispersal towards Europe 7, 36-7, 46-7; Palaeolithic research, development of 4-6, 10-11 Basler, Duro 3, 4, 262
Index Betalov Spodmol (Slovenia) 65 Bioie Cave (Montenegro): lithic assemblages, and finds from 73, 87, 90, 92; Neanderthals, and evidence of occupation 97 Blazi Cave (Albania): Epigravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic), and associated finds 260; zooarchaeological evidence, and subsistence strategies 272-3 bone tool finds 18: archaeozoological analyses 112-13; Badanj Rockshelter (Bosnia and Herzegovina), finds from 273-5, 274; contextual, techno-typological and economic assessment of (Bulgarian cave sites) 168-72; Kopacina Cave (Croatia), and finds from 273, 274; osseous artefacts 128,130, 143-5, 273-5, 274; radiocarbon dating 110-12, 111; Salitrena Pecina (Serbia), finds from 110-14, 111, 127-36,129-30, 144-5; SandaJja II Cave (Istria, Croatia), finds from 273; stable isotope analyses 113, 128-37,131-3,134; technological study of 113-14; Vlakno Cave (Croatia), finds from 273, 275; see also faunal remains Bordul Mare Cave (Ohaba Ponor, Romania) 204, 212 Bosnia and Herzegovina cave and open-air site excavations 3, 66 Bulgaria cave site excavations 2, 4: hominin fossil record 203-6, 204-5; modern excavation strategies 2 Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) eruption 96-7: climate and environment, impact on 78; IUP and EUP layers, contexts and radiocarbon dating results 189; Kozarnika Cave (Bulgaria), and evidence of 160, 166-7; Temnata Dupka Cave (Bulgaria), and evidence of 157,158-9, 160 Cape Skini Caves (Mani Peninsula, Greece) 226, 229 cave sites: chronology and dating of 16-18; faunal remains, and carnivore activity 18-20; lithic assemblages and technologies 20-21; Lower
Palaeolithic era 15-18,17; previous research, and overview of 16 ceramic technologies 288-90: Afalou bou Rhummel (Algeria), finds from 299; archaeological assumptions and descriptive terms for 290-91; Balkan technologies 295-7; Bédeilhac Cave (France), finds from 299-300; distribution patterns, and contextual considerations 303-4; Dolni Vëstonice I (Moravia), finds from 288, 289, 301-2, 302; Klissoura I Cave (Greece), finds from 291-2; Magdalenian ceramic artefacts (France) 299-300; Maina 333 (Siberia), find from 298-9; origins of 291-2; ‘Pavlovian’ technocomplex, and find sites for 292-3, 292, 294, 295, 300-4, 303; preservation differentials and excavation bias 306-7; production techniques 300-2; sites with ceramic assemblages 290; stylistic traits 301-3; subject matter, and variations in 305-6; Tamar Hat (Algeria), find from 299; technological innovations, and spread of 307-9; Tue d’Audoubert and Montespan caves, clay bison statues from 300; Vela Spila (Croatia), finds from 10, 295-7, 296-8, 300-4, 309; ‘Venus’ of Dolni Vëstonice 1288, 289; WillendorfKostenkian technocomplex, and emergence of 307-8; Zaraysk (Russia), possible finds from 299 Chibanian (Middle Pleistocene) era 7: eastward migrations, and migratory' corridors 36; hominin fossil record, and finds from 36-7, 38, 39, 43,45-6, 48-50; Neanderthals and АМН, evidence for relationships with 48-50; Serbia, and sites identified in 36-7 climate and environment: Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) eruption, and impact on 78, 96-7; depopulation, as a result of changes to 10; environmental transformations, and extensions of plant
and animal species 313; glaciation periods, and glacier extensions 78; Heinrich 4 cold event, and impact of 78; Holocene, and transformations during 10, 313; ice ages, and population migrations 37-9, 46; Marine Isotope Stages (MIS), and impact on 78; sea-level rises 10, 225-7; South-eastern Europe, Middle and Late Pleistocene 61, 78 Croatia: hominin fossil record 205, 206-9; Hrvatsko Zagorje region 207; Palaeolithic site excavations, and fossil finds from 4 Crvena Stijena (Bosnia and Herzegovina): Epigravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic), and associated finds 253, 260; excavations at 3; lithic assemblages, and finds from 67, 72, 84, 85, 86, 89-91, 264 Dealul Guran Rockshelter (Romania) 17: dating of 22-3; excavations at 16; human occupations, and evidence for 23; lithic assemblages, and finds from 25 Denisova Cave (Russia) 49 Divje Babe I site (Slovenia) 90 Dolni Vëstonice I (Moravia): ceramic finds from 301-2, 302; ‘Venus’figurine 288, 289 Donje Pazariäte open-air site (Lika, Croatia) 21-2
334 Index Epigravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic) 9-10: archaeological evidence for 253, 256; Badanj Rockshelter (Bosnia and Herzegovina), finds from 253, 260; Badanj u Pokriveniku (cave) (Croatia), finds from 259; Blazi Cave (Albania), finds from 260; cave sites, and exploration of 253; ceramic technologies 288-90; Crvena Stijena (Bosnia and Herzegovina), finds from 253, 260; Early Epigravettian lithic industry, and associated finds 262, 263^1, 265; Early Holocene lithic tradition 268; human remains, and stable isotope evidence 273, 276; hunter-gatherers, and evidence for 256, 269-71; Konispol Cave (Albania), finds from 260; Kopacina Cave (Croatia), and finds from 259; Late Epigravettian lithic industry 262, 264-8; lithic industries, evolution and chronology of 261-3; lithic raw material procurement 268-70; Ljubiceva Pecina (cave) (Croatia), finds from 258; Malisina Stijena (Bosnia and Herzegovina), finds from 260; Nugljanska Pec (cave) (Croatia), finds from 257; osseous technology 273-5; personal adornment use of natural materials, evidence for 276-8, 277; pre-Epigravettian, and archaeological evidence for 254; Pupicina Pec (cave) (Croatia), finds from 257; radiocarbon dating (Eastern Adriatic sites) 257-60; Romualdova Cave (Croatia), finds from 258; Sandalja II Cave (Istria, Croatia), finds from 253, 257, 262; sea level fluctuations, and impact on 256; site distribution, 255-6, 255, 261; subsistence practices and strategies, and evidence for 270-71, 275; technocomplex studies in the Eastern Adriatic 252-4; Vela Spila (Croatia), finds from 259; Vesanska Pec (cave)
(Croatia), finds from 258; Vlakno Cave (Croatia), finds from 258-9; Zala Cave (Croatia), finds from 258; Zemunica Cave (Croatia), finds from 259; zooarchaeological evidence, and subsistence strategies 271-3 farming and herding: animal domesticates, and evidence for 319-20; climate and environmental changes, and challenges for 321; diet, and use of natural resources 322-3; expansion of 322; Greece, and early farming communities in 319; husbandry techniques, and evidence of 322; Neolithic period sites 319-23, 320 faunal remains: bear cave occupation, and evidence for 19; bone collagen results 131-3, 135, 135; Bos/Bison sp. finds, and isotope results 116, 128-36,131-3, 135; Capra ibex finds, and isotope results 131-3,137; carnivore activity, and evidence for 18-19, 116-20,119; Cervus elaphus finds, and isotope results 131-3, 136; contextual, techno-typological and economic assessment of (Bulgarian cave sites) 168-72,169-70; environmental taxa, and habitat biotopes 125,126; Equus sp. finds, and isotope results 131-3, 137; Gajtan Cave (Albania), finds from 19; Kozarnika Cave (Bulgaria), finds from 19; macromammal remains, and archaeozoological analyses 112-13; Mala Balanica Cave (Serbia), finds from 19, 20; mammal mobility, and patterns of 123-6, 124; marrow extraction, and evidence for 123; Neanderthals, species exploitation and palaeoeconomy 120; Petralona Cave (Greece), finds from 19; Salitrena Pecina (Serbia), finds from and dating of 112-21, 117-18, 122-3; Sandalja I palaeocave (Pula, Croatia), finds from 18-19; skeletal profile, analysis and dating 122-3; stable isotope
analyses 113, 128-37,131-3,134; Trlica cave site (Montenegro), finds from 18; ungulates, and evidence for 122, 127; Velika Balanica settlement (Serbia), finds from 20; zooarchaeological evidence, and subsistence strategies 271-3; see also bone tools Franchthi Cave (Greece): excavations at 3; hominin fossil record, and finds from 211; obsidian finds from 232-4; personal adornment use of natural materials, evidence for 231, 231 Gajtan Cave (Albania): dating of 18; faunal remains from 19; lithic assemblages, and finds from 21 Garrod, Dorothy 2, 163 Golema Pesht Cave (Macedonia) 74, 89 Gorjanovic-Kramberger, Dragutin 2, 39, 206-7 Gravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic) 9-10, 254: chronology 114-16,115; diet and subsistence 120-22,121,122; faunal remains dating from 116-20,117-20; IUP and EUP layers, contexts and radiocarbon dating results 157, 158,158-9, 159-63, 161-2,167; Salitrena Pecina (Serbia) 114-20,115, 121-3, 128,130, 138-40, 144-5; Vrbidka Cave (Montenegro), and finds from 254; see also Epigravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic) Greece: coastline sites, and exploration of 228; early farming communities in 319; Epirus, excavations at 3; hominin fossil record 204-5, 209-11 ; Mani Peninsula,
Index Palaeolithic sites and karstic features 226, 228-9; Marathousa caves, excavations at 17, 23, 24; Neanderthals, and fossil evidence of 215; open-air sites, and development of research into 22; Palaeolithic research, development of 4, 9; Prehistoric Stones of Greece (SOG) database, xix Gvozdenac (Serbia) 26, 26 Hadzi Prodanova Cave (Serbia) 73 Higgs, Eric 3 Holocene era: climate and environment, and transformation during 10, 313; Early Holocene lithic tradition 268; environmental transformations, and extensions of plant and animal species 313, 315; foragers and hunter-gatherers 313-14; start of 9-10 hominin fossil record 8-9: Apidima Caves (Mani Peninsula, Greece), finds from 42, 43^1,48, 204, 209, 210, 211, 217, 229-30; Balanica Cave Complex (Serbia), and fossil evidence for 44-5, 107; Bordul Mare Cave (Ohaba Ponor, Romania), finds from 204, 212; Bulgaria, finds from 203-6, 204-5; Chibanian (Middle Pleistocene) era finds 36-7, 38, 39, 48-50; Croatia, finds from 205, 206-9; Franchthi Cave (Greece) finds from, 211; Greece, finds from 204-5, 209-11 ; interbreeding, and genomic evidence for 9, 40—41, 49; Kalamakia Cave (Mani Peninsula, Greece), finds from 204, 211 ; Kozarnika Cave (Bulgaria), finds from 8,165, 203-6, 205; Krapina Cave (Croatia), finds from 39-41, 41, 48, 204, 207, 208; La Adam Cave (Romania) finds from 212; Lakonis Cave (Mani Peninsula, Greece), finds from 204, 210-11; Neanderthals, and fossil evidence of 2, 40, 48; Pestera Cioclovina Uscatä (Romania), finds from 212, 213; Perlera cu Oase Cave (Romania), finds from 212; Pe?tera Muierii Cave (Romania),
finds from 212, 213; PeSturina Cave (Serbia), finds from 107, 204, 214; Petralona Cave (Greece), finds from 41-3, 42, 48, 209; radiocarbon dating, and results from 205-6; Romania, finds from 212-13; Sandalja II Cave (Istria, Croatia), finds from 209; Serbia, finds from 204-5, 213-14; Temnata Dupka Cave (Bulgaria), finds from 203, 206; Theopetra Cave (Greece) 211 ; Velika Balanica settlement (Serbia), finds from 44-5, 48; Vindija Cave (Croatia), finds from 204, 207-8 Homo heldelbergensis xviii: Mala Balanica, and fossil finds from 18, 45, 107; Petralona Cave (Greece), and fossil finds from 43 335 Homo sapiens, xviii: Africa, and presence in 48; arrival in Europe 156-7; Bacho Kiro Cave (Bulgaria), and evidence for 164, 192-5; fishing, and marine diet 230-31; Kozarnika Cave (Bulgaria), and evidence of 165; lithic technologies, and development of 159-63,161-2, 1925; Temnata Dupka Cave (Bulgaria), and first evidence for 8, 157; transitional Middle to Upper Palaeolithic period 156 Hrvatsko Zagorje region (Croatia): hominin fossil record, and finds from 207, 214; Neanderthals, and fossil evidence of214-15 human migrations: Chibanian (Middle Pleistocene) era, and evidence for 36-7; colonisation routes 1 ; migration corridors and hominin dispersal towards Europe 7, 36-7, 46-7 human occupations 7, 28: Acheulean occupations, and associated finds xix, 239—40,241; Bacho Kiro Cave (Bulgaria), and site function 161-2, 172; Dealul Guran rockshelter (Romania), and evidence for 23; diet, and use of natural resources 230-32, 270-71, 319, 322-3; and diversity ofpopulations 7; Epigravettian
culture (Upper Palaeolithic), and sites of 9-10, 252-4; Europe, and first inhabitants of 47; faunal remains, and carnivore activity 18-19,20,116-20,119; fire, use of and ' evidence for 19,20; Gravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic), and sites of 9-10,254; hunter-gatherers, and evidence for 256, 269-71; Kozarnika Cave (Bulgaria), and site function 161-62,172; lithic assemblages, and evidence for 20-21,27-28, 168-72; Marathousa 1 site (Greece), and evidence for 23,27-28; marine diet, and evidence for 231-32; Mesolithic settlement sites, and population densities 316-18,316; mineral resources, and use of raw materials 29; Neolithic period sites 319-23; open-air sites, and evidence for 23—4; palaeoeconomy, diet and environmental exploitation 120-22, 121,122; personal adornment use of natural materials, evidence for 207, 231, 276-8,277; Rodafnidia Cave and open-air site (Lesbos, Greece), and evidence for 23; Salitrena Pecina (Serbia), and evidence for 109,120-21; subsistence practices and strategies, and evidence for 137,142-3, 168, 270-71 ; Temnata Dupka Cave (Bulgaria), and site function 161-2,172; Velika Balanica settlement (Serbia), and evidence for 20; Yarimburgaz Cave (Turkey), and evidence for 19; Zapadna Morava River (Serbia), and evidence for 23^1
336 Index Ionian Sea and islands: archaeological explorations of and finds from 227-8; Inner Ionian Archipelago, and survey of 234, 234; and inundation of terrestrial spaces 237; Meganisi island, finds from 237, 235; Panthera Cave (Kythros islet) 237, 237 Jacobsen, Thomas 3 Kalamakia Cave (Mani Peninsula, Greece): hominin fossil record, and finds from 204, 211; lithic assemblages, and finds from 70, 77; Neanderthals, and fossil evidence of 204, 211, 229; Palaeolithic sites, and location of 226, 228; shells, and use of natural resources 233 Kalloni Gulf and Basin (Greece) 242 Kastel Stafilic-Resnik underwater site (Croatia): lithic assemblages, and finds from 90, 95, 239; underwater excavations at 239 Klissoura I Cave (Greece): ceramic finds from 291-2; lithic assemblages, and finds from 76, 87-9, 91 ; personal adornment use of natural materials, evidence for 231 Klithi Rockshelter (Epirus): shells, use of natural resources and evidence for 231, 232; zooarchaeological evidence, and subsistence strategies 272 Kokkinopilos Cave and open-air site (Greece) 17: chronology and dating of 23; lithic assemblages, and finds from 22, 25, 64, 79 Kolominista Cave (Mani Peninsula, Greece) 226, 229 Konispol Cave (Albania) 260 Kopacina Cave (Croatia) 271: bone tool finds, and osseous technology 273, 274; Epigravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic), and associated finds 259; lithic assemblages and technologies, finds from 269 Kosovska Kosa (Serbia) 25-6, 26 Kozarnika Cave (Bulgaria) 17: bladelet technologies, and emergence of 157-8, 187; Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) eruption, and evidence for
160, 166-7; dating of 16-17; Early Kozarnikian lithic industries 158, 165-6; excavations at 4, 16; faunal remains, finds from 19, 168-72,169-70; hominin fossil record 8, 165, 203-6, 205; Homo sapiens, and first evidence for 8, 165; human occupation, and site function 161-2,172; IUP and EUP layers, contexts and radiocarbon dating results 157,158, 158-9, 159-63,161-2,167-, lithic assemblages, and finds from 20-21, 27, 63, 68, 74, 79,81, 157, 159-63,161-2, 165-6,171,179; location of 165; Lower Palaeolithic lithic assemblage from 165; Middle Palaeolithic assemblage from 165; radiocarbon dating, finds from 188; retouched tools, and blank economy 182, 183-5,185; stone tool production and on site knapping activities 174-5, 174, 176-7', Upper Palaeolithic lithic assemblage from 165 Kozlowski, Janusz 4 Krapina Cave (Croatia) 2, 39^11: Gorjanovic-Kramberger, Dragutin, excavation of 2; hominin fossil record, and finds from 39-^41, 41, 48, 204, 207, 208; importance of site 7; lithic assemblages, and finds from 65, 94; location of 39; Neanderthals, and fossil evidence of hybridisation 2, 40-41 Kremenac site (Nis, Serbia) 22, 25 Kujundzic, Zilka 3 La Adam Cave (Romania) 212 Lakonis Cave (Mani Peninsula, Greece): hominin fossil record, and finds from 204, 210-11; lithic assemblages, and finds from 70, 77 Late Pleistocene 203-6, 204-5 Lesbos (Greece) 242: dispersal and settlement in low-sea-level periods 242; sea-level fluctuations, and impact on 240-2 lithic assemblages and technologies 15, 20-21 : Acheulean occupations, and associated finds 239^10, 241; Adriatic Charentian sites, and
finds from 94-5, 98; anatomically modern humans (АМН), and evidence for 8, 96, 156, 164, 192-5; Asprochaliko Cave (Greece), finds from 69, 76, 90; Atokos (Inner Ionian Archipelago, Greece), finds from 234-5,235; Aurignacian industries, and evidence for 2-3, 8, 108-10, 204, 206; Bacho Kiro Cave (Bulgaria), finds from 156-7, 159-63, 161—2,171,179-80; Bachokirian Initial Upper Palaeolithic assemblages 3, 156-7, 204; Badanj Rockshelter, finds from 270; Betalov Spodmol (Slovenia), finds from 65; bifacial leafpoint technology, and origin of 93; Bioce Cave (Montenegro), finds from 73, 87, 90, 92; bladelet technologies, emergence and variability’ of 157-8,160, 165-7,167, 175,176-81, 178-81,184, 185-6, 190-2, 195; Bosnia and Herzegovina, finds from 22; Charentian industries, and evidence for 82^1, 83, 86-9, 87-8, 93-4, 98; chronology and dating of 79-82, 80; contextual, techno-typological and economic assessment of (Bulgarian cave sites) 167-8, 168-72,171; Crvena Stijena (Bosnia and Herzegovina), finds from 67, 72, 84, 85, 86, 89-91, 264;
Index Dealul Guran rocksheiter (Romania), finds from 25; Divje Babe I site (Slovenia), finds from 90; Dufour bladelets 185, 786; Early Epigravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic) 262, 263—4, 265; Early Kozarnikian industries 158, 165-6; Early Upper Palaeolithic (EUP), technological developments and chronologies of assemblages 7, 157, 159-67,167-8, 187, 187; Epigravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic) 9-10, 261-3; Gajtan Cave (Albania), finds from 21; Golema Pesht Cave (Macedonia), finds from 74, 89; Gvozdenac (Serbia), finds from 26, 26; Hadzi Prodanova Cave (Serbia), finds from 73; Homo sapiens, and first evidence for 159-63, 192—4; Initial Upper Palaeolithic industries (IUP), and chronologies of assemblages 8, 156, 157, 166-7,167-8, 185-7; Kalamakia Cave (Mani Peninsula, Greece), finds from 70, 77; Kastel StafilicResnik underwater site (Croatia), finds from 90, 95, 239; Klissoura I Cave (Greece), finds from 76, 87-9, 91; Kokkinopilos Cave and open-air site (Greece), finds from 22, 25, 64, 79; Kolominista Cave (Mani Peninsula, Greece), transitional lithic industry' identified at 226, 229; Kopaëina Cave (Croatia), and finds from 269; Kosovska Kosa (Serbia), finds from 25-6,26; Kozamika Cave (Bulgaria), finds from 20-21, 27,63,68, 74, 79, 81,157, 159-63, 161-2, 165-6, 171,179,187; Krapina Cave (Croatia), finds from 65, 94; Kremenac site (Nis, Serbia), finds from 25; Lakonis Cave (Mani Peninsula, Greece), finds from 70, 77; Late Epigravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic) 262,264-8, 266-7; Late Mousterian Denticulate industries 89, 95-6; Ljubiceva Pecina (cave) (Croatia), finds
from 270; Lower Palaeolithic finds 24-7, 27; Mala Balanica Cave (Serbia), finds from 20, 28, 63, 81; Mamaia open-air site (Romania), finds from 62, 79, 81 ; Marathousa 1 site (Greece), and finds from 24; Meganisi island (Inner Ionian Sea), finds from 237, 238; Micromousterian industries 89, 90, 95; Middle Palaeolithic era, and technological developments 60-61, 79, 87-9, 91-3, 159-66; mineral resources, and use of raw materials 29; MIS4 and MIS3, phases of and lithic technological developments 86-91, 8788; MIS5, phases of and lithic technological developments 78, 82-5, 83; Mitoc-Valea Izvorului open-air site (Romania), finds from 62, 80; MousteroLevalloisian technology, and evidence for 337 earliest use of 79-82, 81, 84, 86, 89,92-3, 97, 193-5; Mujina Pecina (Croatia), finds from 71, 88, 90, 92, 95; Musselievo openair site (Bulgaria), finds from 75,189; Neanderthals, and evidence for 7; open-air sites, and finds from 21-22; Panthera Cave (Kythros islet, Ionian Sea), finds from 237; Pestera Curatä Cave (Romania), finds from 75; Pestera Muierii Cave (Romania), finds from 75; PeSturina Cave (Serbia), finds from 68, 74, 85, 89; Petralona Cave (Greece), finds from 21; Petrovac 1 site (Serbia), finds from 26-7; Petrovaradin open-air fortress (Serbia), finds from 67, 84, 85; Plakias site (Crete), finds from 25; preMIS5 stages, and transition from Lower to Middle Palaeolithic 79-82, 80-81; ‘Protocharentian’ technologies, and emergence of 82, 93-4; Punikve open-air site (Ivanec, Croatia), finds from 21, 64; Pupicina Pec (cave) (Croatia), finds from 270; Quina/Yabrudian technology,
and evidence for 28; raw material economy (Bulgarian cave sites) 172-6,173; raw material procurement 268-70, 270; retouched tools, and classification of 160-63,181-7,182,184,185-7, 192; Ripiceni-Izvor open-air site (Romania), finds from 62, 82; Risovaca Cave (Serbia), finds from 73; Rodafnidia Cave and openair site (Lesbos, Greece), finds from 25, 64, 79; Rodia (Thessaly, Greece), finds from 22, 25; Romualdova Cave (Croatia), finds from 269, 270; Salitrena Pecina (Serbia), finds from 73, 91,126-7; Samuilitsa II Cave (Bulgaria), finds from 75,188,189; Sandalja I palaeocave (Pula, Croatia), finds from 20; Sandalja II Cave (Istria, Croatia), finds from 262, 263—4, 269, 270; Shiroka Polyana (Bulgaria), finds from 25; South eastern Europe, technological and typo logical elements of 61; technoeconomic and typological assessment (Bulgarian cave sites) 174-5,174,190; technological features of 126-7; Temnata DupkaCave (Bulgaria), finds from 159-63, 161-2,171,179,181; Theopetra Cave (Greece), finds from 69, 89; tool production andon-site knapping activities 174—5,174, 176; Typical Mousterian industries, and evidence for 82-4, 83, 86,87-8; Uluzzian industry 91-2, 216; Uzun Mera open-air site (Macedonia), finds from 68; Vela Spila (Croatia), finds from 262-4, 263, 265-7; Velika Balanica settlement (Serbia), finds from 21,28,63, 80, 81; Velika Pecina (Klitevica, Croatia), finds from 71, 88, 90, 92; Veternica Cave (Croatia), finds from 66;
338 Index lithic assemblages and technologies (Continued) Vindija Cave (Croatia), finds from 71, 89; Vlakno Cave (Croatia), finds from 263-4, 269, 270; Vrbicka Cave (Montenegro), and finds from 263^1; Yanmburgaz Cave (Turkey), finds from 21, 64; Zala Cave (Croatia), finds from 269, 270; Zapadna Morava River (Serbia), and finds from 24; Zobiste open-air site (Bosnia and Herzegovina), finds from 66 Ljubiceva Pecina (cave) (Croatia): Epigravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic), and associated finds 258; lithic assemblages and technologies, finds from 270 Lower Palaeolithic era: cave sites and character of 15-18,17-, human occupations, and evidence for 23^4; Kozarnika Cave (Bulgaria), finds from 165; lithic finds 15, 27, 165; mineral resources, and use of 29 Mala Balanica Cave (Serbia): dating of 18; faunal remains, and carnivore activity 19, 20; hominin fossil record, and finds from 44-5; Homo heidelbergensis, and fossil finds from 45, 107; lithic assemblages, and finds from 20, 21, 28, 63, 87; Neanderthals, and fossil evidence for 45 Mala Gradina (Bosnia and Herzegovina) 3 Malez, Mirko 3, 276: Palaeolithic cave site excavations by 2, 3; Vindija Cave (Croatia), excavations at 2, 3, 207 Malisina Stijena (Bosnia and Herzegovina): Epigravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic), and associated finds 260; zooarchaeological evidence, and subsistence strategies 272 Mamaia open-air site (Romania) 62, 79, 87 Marathousa 1 site (Greece) 77: dating of 23; human occupations, and evidence for 23, 27-8; lithic assemblages, and finds from 24 Marine Isotope Stages (MIS): definition of regional
sequences 7; divisions, with boundary dates for each stage 6; lithic assemblages and technologies, chronology and dating 60-61; MIS3, and climate during 78; MIS3, climate phases and lithic technological developments xviii, 86-91, 87-8; MIS4, climate phases and lithic technological developments 78, 86-91, 87-8; MIS5, phases of and lithic technological developments 78, 82-5, 83; MIS6, changes to and evidence for 61, 78; pre-MIS5 stages, and transition from Lower to Middle Palaeolithic 79-82, 80-81 marine landscapes 225-7, 226: Aegean Sea and islands, archaeological explorations of and finds from 227-8; Atokos (Inner Ionian Archipelago, Greece), access to and finds from 234-5, 235; dispersal and settlement in low-sea-level periods 239, 240, 242, 243; fishing, and marine diet 230-31, 275; hominin fossil record, and associated finds 227; and inundation of terrestrial spaces 236-7, 239; Ionian Sea and islands, archaeological explorations of and finds from 227-8; Kastel Stafilic-Resnik underwater site (Croatia), finds from 239; Plakias site (Crete), sea-crossings and evidence for 236; the sea, and use of as a resource 230; sea-level fluctuations, and impacton 10, 225-7, 240-42; water crossings, and challenges of 232-6 Medena Stijena (Montenegro) 272 Meganisi island (Inner Ionian Sea) 237, 238 Mesolithic era xviii: climate and environment, and changes to 315; diet, and use of natural resources 319; foragers and hunter-gatherers 313-14; mobility patterns, and evidence of 318-19; settlement sites from, and population densities 316-18, 316, 318 Mitoc-Valea Izvorului open-air site
(Romania) 62, 80 Montet-White, Anta 4 Mujina Pecina (Croatia) 71, 88, 90, 92, 95 Musselievo open-air site (Bulgaria): IUP and EUP layers, contexts and radiocarbon dating results 189; lithic assemblages, and finds from 75 Neanderthals, xviii 95-96: anatomically modern humans (АМН), and encounters with 1, 8, 9, 40-41, 48-50, 96, 108, 212, 216-17; Apidima Caves (Mani Peninsula, Greece), and fossil evidence for 204, 209-10, 210; Bioce Cave (Montenegro), and evidence of occupation 97; Bordul Mare Cave (Ohaba Ponor, Romania), and fossil evidence for 204, 212; Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) eruption, and impact on 97; carnivore activity, and species exploitation 120; climate and environment, and impact on 78; Denisova Cave (Russia), finds from 49; diet, and use of natural resources 230; eastward migrations, and migratory corridors 36; Greece, and fossil evidence for 215; hominin fossil record 2, 40, 48, 204, 216-17; Hrvatsko Zagorje region (Croatia), and fossil evidence for 207, 214-15; Kalamakia Cave (Mani Peninsula, Greece), and fossil evidence for 204, 211, 229; Kozarnika Cave (Bulgaria), and fossil evidence for 204, 206;
Index Krapina Cave (Croatia), and fossil evidence for 2, 40, 204, 206-7; Lakonis Cave (Mani Peninsula, Greece), and fossil evidence for 204; Levantine Neanderthals, and movement of 40, 49; Mala Balanica Cave (Serbia), and fossil evidence for 45; morphology, and variations in 40, 47; Pesturina Cave (Serbia), and fossil evidence for 107, 204, 214; retreat and/ or extinction of 108; Salitrena Pecina (Serbia), and fossil finds from 108-9, 13741; subsistence strategies, and evidence for 137, 142; techno-typological approaches, and diversity of 7; Vindija Cave (Croatia), and fossil evidence for 204, 207-8, 215 Neolithic period: aDNA data, and interpretation of 323, 324; animal domesticates, and evidence for 319-20; animal husbandry techniques, and evidence of 322; climate and environmental changes, and challenges for 321 ; demography and mobility 323-5; diet, and use of natural resources 322-3; farming and herding, and evidence for 319-23, 320; occupation sites 319-23,320 Nugljanska Pec (cave) (Croatia) 257 obsidian finds 232-4 open-air sites 15-16: Bosnia and Herzegovina, lithic finds from 22; chronology' and dating of 22-3; coastline sites (Greece), and exploration of 228; human occupations, and evidence for 23-4; lithic assemblages and technologies, finds from 90; previous research, and overview of21-2 Panthera Cave (Kythros islet, Ionian Sea) 238: excavations at 237; lithic assemblages, and finds from 237 Pecina pod Lipom Cave (Bosnia and Herzegovina) 3 personal adornments 207: shells, and use of natural resources 231,231-2 Pestera Cioclovina Uscatä (Romania) 212,213 Pestera
cu Oase Cave (Romania) 212 Pestera Curatä Cave (Romania) 75 Peçtera Muierii Cave (Romania): hominin fossil record, and finds from 212, 213; lithic assemblages, and finds from 75; Muierii II, and finds from 213 Pesturina Cave (Serbia): anatomically modern humans (АМН), and fossil evidence for 214; hominin fossil record, and finds from 107, 204, 214; lithic assemblages, and finds 339 from 68, 74, 85, 89; Neanderthals, and fossil evidence of 107, 204, 214 Petralona Cave (Greece) 41-3: dating of 18; excavations at 42; faunal remains from 19; hominin fossil record, and finds from 41-3, 42, 48, 209; lithic assemblages, and finds from 21 ; location of 42 Petrovac 1 site (Serbia) 26-7 Petrovaradin Fortress site (Serbia) 67, 84, 85 Pindus Mountain Range (Greece) 236-7 Plakias site (Crete): lithic assemblages, and finds from 25; sea-crossings, and evidence for 236; survey of 235-6 Pleistocene eraxviii: caves and open-air sites, previous research and chronology 16-18, 22; Chibanian (Middle Pleistocene) era 7; climate and environment 61, 78; eastward migrations, and migratory corridors 36; end of 9-10; hominin fossil record, and finds from 36-7, 38, 39, 43, 45-6, 48-50; Late Pleistocene 203-6, 204-5; Serbia, and sites identified in 36-7; settlement patterns (Central Balkans) 107-9, 120-21; South-eastern Europe 61, 78 Poulianos, A.N. 42 Prehistoric Stones of Greece (SOG) database xix: Klithi Rockshelter (Epirus) xix Punikve open-air site (Ivanec, Croatia) 21, 64 Pupicina pec (cave) (Croatia): Epigravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic), and associated finds 257; lithic assemblages and
technologies, finds from 270 radiocarbon dating: hominin fossil record, and results from 205-6; IUP and EUP layers, chronological records and contexts 158,158-9, 166-7,188; Salitrena Pecina (Serbia), finds from 110-12, 111, 115, 137-41, 138-40 Ripiceni-Izvor open-air site (Romania) 62, 82 Risovaca Cave (Serbia) 73 Rodafnidia Cave and open-air site (Lesbos, Greece) 17, 241: Acheulean occupation, and associated finds 239-40, 241-, chronology' and dating of 23; human occupations, and evidence for 23; lithic assemblages, and finds from 25, 64, 79 Rodia (Thessaly, Greece) 22, 25, 27 Romanian hominin fossil record 212-13 Romualdova Cave (Croatia): cave art found in 305-6; Epigravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic), and associated finds 258; lithic assemblages and technologies, finds from 269, 270 Rovinjsko Selo 1 (the cave near) (Istria, Croatia) 254
340 Index Salitrena Pecina (Serbia): Aurignacian occupation, and lithic technologies 8, 114-20,115, 121-3,130, 138 -40, 142^1; bone tool finds 144-5; bone tool finds, and technological features of 110-14, 111, 127-36,130; carnivore activity, and evidence for 116-20,119; catchment areas, and mammal mobility 114, 123-6,124, 125,125; excavations at 8, 109-10,109; faunal remains, and dating of 116-21, 117-18; Gravettian occupation, and dating of 114-20, 115, 121-3, 128,130, 138-40, 144-5; human occupations, and evidence for 109, 120-21; lithic assemblages, and finds from 73, 91, 110, 126-7; location of 109,109; macromammal remains, and archaeozoological analyses 112-13; Mousterian occupation, and dating of 114-20, 115, 121-3,130,138-40; Neanderthals and АМН, evidence for relationships with 8, 108-9, 137-41; occupation dates, and chronology of 114-20, 115, 137-41,138-40; radiocarbon dating, finds from 110-12, 111; species diversity and palaeoeconomy 120-2,121, 122; stable isotope analyses, bone finds 113 Samuilitsa II Cave (Bulgaria): IUP and EUP layers, contexts and radiocarbon dating results 188, 189; lithic assemblages, and finds from 75 Sandalja I palaeocave (Pula, Croatia): dating of 16; faunal remains from 18-19; lithic assemblages, and finds from 20 Sandalja II Cave (Istria, Croatia): bone tool finds, and osseous technology 273; Epigravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic), and associated finds 253, 257; excavations at 209; hominin fossil record, and finds from 209; human remains, and stable isotope evidence 273, 276; lithic assemblages and technologies, finds from 262,
263^1, 269, 270; zooarchaeological evidence, and subsistence strategies 271 Serbia: Chibanian (Middle Pleistocene) sites, and identification of, 36-7; hominin fossil record, and finds from 204-5, 213-14; open-air sites, and development of research into 22; Zapadna Morava River, and survey of 23^1 shell finds: marine diet, and evidence for 231-2; personal adornment use of natural materials, evidence for 231, 231-2; tools and scrapers 232, 233 Shiroka Polyana (Bulgaria) 25 Sirakov, Nikolai 4 Stelida site (Naxos, Greece): chronology and dating of 23; lithic assemblages, and finds from 236 Tabula Traiana Cave (Serbia) 187 Temnata Dupka Cave (Bulgaria): Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) eruption, and evidence for 157,160; excavations at 2-3, 4; faunal remains, finds from 168-72,169-70; hominin fossil record 203, 206; Homo sapiens, and first evidence for 8, 157; human occupation, and site function 161-2, 172; IUP and EUP layers, contexts and radiocarbon dating results 158,158-9, 159-63, 161-2, 164,167-8; lithic assemblages, and finds from 159-63,161-2, 171,179,181 ; location of 164; radiocarbon dating, finds from 188; retouched tools, and blank economy 182, 183,184,185; stone tool production and on-site knapping activities 174-5,174,176-7 Theopetra Cave (Greece): hominin fossil record, and finds from 211 ; lithic assemblages, and finds from 69, 89 Trebaiki Krs Rockshelter (Montenegro) 272 Trlica cave site (Montenegro): dating of 17-18; excavations at 16; faunal remains from 18 Upper Palaeolithic era: Bachokirian Initial Upper Palaeolithic assemblages (Bacho Kiro Cave) 3, 156-7; Campanian
Ignimbrite (CI) eruption, and evidence for 189; chronology, origin and duration of the IUP and the EUP 188-92,188; Early Upper Palaeolithic (EUP), and technological developments 7, 157, 159-66,176-80, 178, 187,187; hominin fossil record, and finds from 216; Homo sapiens, and arrival in Europe 156-7; Initial Upper Palaeolithic industries (IUP), 8, 156, 157, 164,176-80, 178,179, 185-7; Kozarnika Cave (Bulgaria), finds from 165; lithic assemblages and technologies, and radiocarbon dating of 156-8,158-9, 216 Uzun Mera open-air site (Macedonia) 68 Vela Spila (Croatia): ceramic finds from 10, 295-7, 296-8, 300-2, 309; Epigravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic), and associated finds 259; lithic assemblages and technologies, finds from 262-4, 263, 265-7; zooarchaeological evidence, and subsistence strategies 271 Velika Balanica (Serbia) 20: faunal remains, and carnivore activity 20; hominin fossil record, and finds from 44-5, 48; lithic assemblages, and finds from 21, 28, 63, 80, 81 Velika Pecina (Klicevica, Croatia) 71, 88, 90, 92 'Venus’ of Dolni Vëstonice 1288, 289
Index Veäanska pec (cave) (Croatia) 258 Veternica Cave (Croatia) 66 Vindija Cave (Croatia): excavations at 2, 3, 207; hominin fossil record, and finds from 204, 207-8; lithic assemblages, and finds from 71, 89; Neanderthals, and fossil evidence of 204, 207-8, 215 Vlakno Cave (Croatia): bone tool finds, and osseous technology 273, 275; Epigravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic), and associated finds 258-9; lithic assemblages and technologies, finds from 263-4, 269, 270; zooarchaeological evidence, and subsistence strategies, 272 Vrbidka Cave (Montenegro): Gravettianage site, and finds from 254; lithic assemblages and technologies, finds from 263—4; zooarchaeological evidence, and subsistence strategies 272-3 Vukovic, Stjepan 2 341 Whallon, Robert 3 Yanmburgaz Cave (Turkey) 17·. bear occupation, and evidence for 19; dating of 18; lithic assemblages, and finds from 21, 64 Zala Cave (Croatia): Epigravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic), and associated finds 258; lithic assemblages and technologies, finds from 269, 270; zooarchaeological evidence, and subsistence strategies 271 Zemunica Cave (Croatia): Epigravettian culture (Upper Palaeolithic), and associated finds 259; zooarchaeological evidence, and subsistence strategies 272-3 Zobiste open-air site (Bosnia and Herzegovina) 66 Bayerische StcaiitbiiÄthek MAGshen |
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| physical | XX, 341 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten (teilweise farbig) |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20240527 gbd_1 |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Oxford University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Proceedings of the British Academy |
| series2 | Proceedings of the British Academy |
| spelling | The prehistoric hunter-gatherers of South-Eastern Europe edited by Aitor Ruiz-Redondo and William Davies First edition Oxford Oxford University Press 2023 XX, 341 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten (teilweise farbig) txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Proceedings of the British Academy 258 Paläolithikum (DE-588)4140148-7 gnd rswk-swf Wildbeuter (DE-588)4066097-7 gnd rswk-swf Südosteuropa (DE-588)4058449-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Südosteuropa (DE-588)4058449-5 g Wildbeuter (DE-588)4066097-7 s Paläolithikum (DE-588)4140148-7 s DE-604 Ruiz-Redondo, Aitor 1985- (DE-588)1311339701 edt Davies, William 1970- (DE-588)1311336966 edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-19-889675-3 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-19-199836-2 Proceedings of the British Academy 258 (DE-604)BV002535803 258 Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034807177&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034807177&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034807177&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | The prehistoric hunter-gatherers of South-Eastern Europe Proceedings of the British Academy Paläolithikum (DE-588)4140148-7 gnd Wildbeuter (DE-588)4066097-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4140148-7 (DE-588)4066097-7 (DE-588)4058449-5 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | The prehistoric hunter-gatherers of South-Eastern Europe |
| title_auth | The prehistoric hunter-gatherers of South-Eastern Europe |
| title_exact_search | The prehistoric hunter-gatherers of South-Eastern Europe |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The prehistoric hunter-gatherers of South-Eastern Europe |
| title_full | The prehistoric hunter-gatherers of South-Eastern Europe edited by Aitor Ruiz-Redondo and William Davies |
| title_fullStr | The prehistoric hunter-gatherers of South-Eastern Europe edited by Aitor Ruiz-Redondo and William Davies |
| title_full_unstemmed | The prehistoric hunter-gatherers of South-Eastern Europe edited by Aitor Ruiz-Redondo and William Davies |
| title_short | The prehistoric hunter-gatherers of South-Eastern Europe |
| title_sort | the prehistoric hunter gatherers of south eastern europe |
| topic | Paläolithikum (DE-588)4140148-7 gnd Wildbeuter (DE-588)4066097-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Paläolithikum Wildbeuter Südosteuropa Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034807177&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034807177&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034807177&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV002535803 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ruizredondoaitor theprehistorichuntergatherersofsoutheasterneurope AT davieswilliam theprehistorichuntergatherersofsoutheasterneurope |